A-Level Biology · ⁨A-Level 生物⁩

1.1 The microscope in cell studies · ⁨显微镜在细胞研究中的应用⁩ 1.2.1 Eukaryotic cells and their organelles · ⁨真核细胞和它们的细胞器⁩ 1.2.2 Prokaryotic cells and viruses · ⁨原核细胞和病毒⁩

2.1 Testing for biological molecules · ⁨生物分子的检测⁩ 2.2.1 Carbohydrates · ⁨碳水化合物⁩ 2.2.2 Lipids · ⁨脂质⁩ 2.3 Proteins · ⁨蛋白质⁩ 2.4 Water · ⁨水⁩

3.1 Mode of action of enzymes · ⁨酶的作用机制⁩ 3.2.1 Factors that affect enzyme action · ⁨影响酶作用的因素⁩ 3.2.2 Vmax, Km and inhibitors · ⁨Vmax、Km 和抑制剂⁩

4.1 Fluid mosaic membranes · ⁨流动镶嵌模型膜⁩ 4.2.1 Movement into and out of cells · ⁨物质进出细胞⁩ 4.2.2 Surface area to volume ratio · ⁨表面积与体积之比⁩ 4.2.3 Water potential and living cells · ⁨水势与活细胞⁩

5.1.1 Chromosomes and the cell cycle · ⁨染色体与细胞周期⁩ 5.1.2 The significance of mitosis · ⁨有丝分裂的意义⁩ 5.2 Chromosome behaviour in mitosis · ⁨有丝分裂中染色体的行为⁩

6.1.1 Nucleotides and the structure of DNA · ⁨核苷酸与 DNA 的结构⁩ 6.1.2 Replication of DNA and RNA · ⁨DNA 与 RNA 的复制⁩ 6.2.1 The genetic code and protein synthesis · ⁨遗传密码与蛋白质合成⁩ 6.2.2 Gene mutations · ⁨基因突变⁩

7.1 Structure of transport tissues · ⁨运输组织的结构⁩ 7.2.1 Water uptake and movement to the xylem · ⁨水的吸收与向木质部的移动⁩ 7.2.2 Transpiration and xerophytes · ⁨蒸腾与旱生植物⁩ 7.2.3 Translocation in the phloem · ⁨韧皮部中的转运⁩

8.1.1 The circulatory system · ⁨循环系统⁩ 8.1.2 Blood cells, plasma and tissue fluid · ⁨血细胞、血浆和组织液⁩ 8.2.1 Transport of oxygen · ⁨氧气的运输⁩ 8.2.2 Transport of carbon dioxide · ⁨二氧化碳的运输⁩ 8.3 The heart · ⁨心脏⁩

9.1.1 The gas exchange system and airways · ⁨气体交换系统与气道⁩ 9.1.2 Gas exchange in the alveoli · ⁨肺泡中的气体交换⁩

10.1.1 Infectious diseases · ⁨传染病⁩ 10.1.2 Preventing and controlling disease · ⁨疾病的预防与控制⁩ 10.2 Antibiotics · ⁨抗生素⁩

11.1.1 Phagocytes and antigens · ⁨吞噬细胞与抗原⁩ 11.1.2 The immune response and memory cells · ⁨免疫反应与记忆细胞⁩ 11.2.1 Antibodies and monoclonal antibodies · ⁨抗体与单克隆抗体⁩ 11.2.2 Types of immunity and vaccination · ⁨免疫的类型与疫苗接种⁩

12.1 Energy · ⁨能量⁩ 12.2.1 Respiratory substrates and RQ · ⁨呼吸底物与RQ⁩ 12.2.2 Glycolysis and the link reaction · ⁨糖酵解与连接反应⁩ 12.2.3 Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation · ⁨克雷布斯循环与氧化磷酸化⁩ 12.2.4 Anaerobic respiration · ⁨无氧呼吸⁩

13.1.1 The chloroplast and pigments · ⁨叶绿体与色素⁩ 13.1.2 The light-dependent stage · ⁨光依赖阶段⁩ 13.1.3 The Calvin cycle · ⁨卡尔文循环⁩ 13.2 Investigation of limiting factors · ⁨限制因素的探究⁩

14.1.1 Homeostasis and the liver · ⁨稳态与肝脏⁩ 14.1.2 The kidney and the nephron · ⁨肾与肾单位⁩ 14.1.3 Osmoregulation · ⁨渗透调节⁩ 14.1.4 Controlling blood glucose · ⁨控制血糖⁩ 14.2 Homeostasis in plants · ⁨植物的稳态⁩

15.1.1 Coordination systems and neurones · ⁨协调系统与神经元⁩ 15.1.2 The nerve impulse · ⁨神经冲动⁩ 15.1.3 The synapse · ⁨突触⁩ 15.1.4 Muscles and contraction · ⁨肌肉与收缩⁩ 15.2 Control and coordination in plants · ⁨植物的调节与协调⁩

16.1 Passage of information from parents to offspring · ⁨亲代向子代传递遗传信息⁩ 16.2.1 The language of genetics · ⁨遗传学语言⁩ 16.2.2 Genetic diagrams and crosses · ⁨遗传图与杂交⁩ 16.2.3 From genes to phenotype · ⁨从基因到表现型⁩ 16.3 Gene control · ⁨基因调控⁩

17.1 Variation · ⁨变异⁩ 17.2.1 Natural selection · ⁨自然选择⁩ 17.2.2 Changing allele frequencies · ⁨改变等位基因频率⁩ 17.2.3 Artificial selection · ⁨人工选择⁩ 17.3 Evolution · ⁨进化⁩

18.1.1 Species and the three domains · ⁨物种与三个域⁩ 18.1.2 The taxonomic hierarchy and kingdoms · ⁨分类阶元与界⁩ 18.2 Biodiversity · ⁨生物多样性⁩ 18.3 Conservation · ⁨保护⁩

19.1.1 Principles and tools of genetic technology · ⁨基因技术的原理与工具⁩ 19.1.2 Copying and sorting DNA · ⁨复制和分拣 DNA⁩ 19.2 Genetic technology applied to medicine · ⁨遗传技术在医学中的应用⁩ 19.3 Genetically modified organisms in agriculture · ⁨农业中的转基因生物⁩