From genes to phenotype · 从基因到表现型
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| albinism/ˈælbɪnɪzəm/ | 白化病 | bái huà bìng |
| sickle cell anaemia/ˈsɪkl sel əˈniːmɪə/ | 镰状细胞贫血 | lián zhuàng xì bāo pín xuè |
| haemophilia/ˌhiːməˈfɪlɪə/ | 血友病 | xuè yǒu bìng |
| gibberellin/ˌdʒɪbəˈrelɪn/ | 赤霉素 | chì méi sù |
From code to characteristic
- A gene codes for a protein, and that protein affects the phenotype.
- If the gene is faulty, the protein is faulty — and the phenotype changes.
- A few classic examples show this clearly.
从密码到特征
- 一个基因编码一个 蛋白质,那个蛋白质影响 表现型。
- 如果基因 有缺陷,蛋白质就有缺陷——表现型就改变。
- 几个经典的例子清楚地展示了这一点。
How does a faulty allele change the phenotype? · 一个有缺陷的等位基因如何改变表现型?
A gene codes for a protein; a faulty allele makes a faulty protein, altering the phenotype. · 一个基因编码一个蛋白质;一个有缺陷的等位基因制造一个有缺陷的蛋白质,改变表现型。
A faulty allele changes the phenotype because it codes for a faulty protein. · 一个有缺陷的等位基因改变表现型,因为它编码一个有缺陷的蛋白质。
The DNA sequence sets the protein's shape; change the sequence and you change (or break) the protein. · DNA 序列决定蛋白质的形状;改变序列你就改变(或破坏)蛋白质。
The phenotype is decided by the genotype together with the ______. · 表现型由基因型连同 ______ 决定。
Both nature (genotype) and nurture (environment) shape the phenotype. · 先天(基因型)和后天(环境)都塑造表现型。
Faulty alleles, faulty proteins
| Gene | Protein | Faulty allele causes |
|---|---|---|
| TYR | tyrosinase (enzyme) | albinism 白化病 (no pigment) |
| HBB | haemoglobin | sickle cell anaemia 镰状细胞贫血 |
| F8 | factor VIII (clotting) | haemophilia 血友病 |
| HTT | huntingtin | Huntington's disease |
A homologous pair of chromosomes with alleles at the same loci
有缺陷的等位基因,有缺陷的蛋白质
| 基因 | 蛋白质 | 有缺陷的等位基因引起 |
|---|---|---|
| TYR | 酪氨酸酶(酶) | 白化病(没有色素) |
| HBB | 血红蛋白 | 镰状细胞贫血 |
| F8 | 因子 VIII(凝血) | 血友病 |
| HTT | 亨廷顿蛋白 | 亨廷顿病 |
一个同源对染色体,在相同的基因座有等位基因
From gene to phenotype · 从基因到表现型
Step through it. A gene makes a protein that does a job — so a faulty allele makes a faulty protein and a changed feature. · 一步步走过它。一个基因制造一个做某项工作的蛋白质——所以一个有缺陷的等位基因制造一个有缺陷的蛋白质和一个改变的特征。
Albinism is caused by a faulty allele of the TYR gene because: · 白化病由 TYR 基因的一个有缺陷的等位基因引起,因为:
TYR codes for tyrosinase; a faulty version cannot make pigment, causing albinism. · TYR 编码酪氨酸酶;一个有缺陷的版本不能制造色素,引起白化病。
Match each gene to the condition a faulty allele causes. · 把每个基因与一个有缺陷的等位基因引起的病症配对。
Each gene codes for a protein; a faulty version of that protein causes the condition. · 每个基因编码一个蛋白质;那个蛋白质的一个有缺陷的版本引起这个病症。
Gibberellin 赤霉素 and stem height
- In pea plants, the dominant allele Le codes for a working enzyme that makes gibberellin, so the plant grows tall.
- The recessive allele le codes for a broken enzyme, so little gibberellin is made and the plant is short.
赤霉素和茎高
- 在豌豆植物中,显性等位基因 Le 编码一个制造 赤霉素 的工作的酶,所以植物长得 高。
- 隐性等位基因 le 编码一个坏掉的酶,所以制造的赤霉素很少,植物 矮。
A pea plant with two le alleles is short because: · 一株有两个 le 等位基因的豌豆植物矮,因为:
le codes for a broken enzyme; with little gibberellin, the stem does not elongate, so the plant is short. · le 编码一个坏掉的酶;赤霉素很少,茎不伸长,所以植物矮。
The environment matters too
- The phenotype is set by the genotype and the environment.
- For example, a plant's height depends on its alleles and on light, water and nutrients.
环境也重要
- 表现型由基因型 和 环境决定。
- 例如,一株植物的高度取决于它的等位基因以及光、水和养分。
You've got it
- gene → protein → phenotype; a faulty allele → faulty protein → changed phenotype
- examples: TYR (albinism), HBB (sickle cell), F8 (haemophilia), HTT (Huntington's)
- pea height: Le (working enzyme → gibberellin → tall) vs le (broken → short)
你掌握了
- 基因 → 蛋白质 → 表现型;一个有缺陷的等位基因 → 有缺陷的蛋白质 → 改变的表现型
- 例子:TYR(白化病)、HBB(镰状细胞)、F8(血友病)、HTT(亨廷顿)
- 豌豆高度:Le(工作的酶 → 赤霉素 → 高)对 le(坏掉 → 矮)