Biodiversity and sampling · 生物多样性与抽样
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| ecosystem/ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm/ | 生态系统 | shēng tài xì tǒng |
| niche/niːʃ/ | 生态位 | shēng tài wèi |
| biodiversity/ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜːsɪti/ | 生物多样性 | shēng wù duō yàng xìng |
| abundance/əˈbʌndəns/ | 丰度 | fēng dù |
| quadrat/ˈkwɒdræt/ | 样方 | yàng fāng |
| transect/trænˈsekt/ | 样带 | yàng dài |
| mark-release-recapture/mɑːk rɪˈliːs rɪˈkæptʃə/ | 标志重捕法 | biāo zhì zhòng bǔ fǎ |
| Simpson's index/ˈsɪmpsnz ˈɪndeks/ | 辛普森指数 | xīn pǔ sēn zhǐ shù |
The variety of life
- An ecosystem 生态系统 is all the living things in an area plus their non-living surroundings.
- A niche 生态位 is a species' particular role and place within it.
- Biodiversity 生物多样性 measures the variety of life — at three levels.
生命的多样性
- 一个 生态系统(ecosystem) 是一个区域内所有的生物加上它们的非生物周围环境。
- 一个 生态位(niche) 是一个物种在其中的特定角色和位置。
- 生物多样性(biodiversity) 衡量生命的多样性——在三个层次。
Biodiversity sampling lab · 生物多样性抽样实验
Choose the sampling method or index that matches the field question. · 选择与野外问题匹配的抽样方法或指数。
An ecosystem is: · 生态系统是：
An ecosystem includes the living community and the abiotic surroundings; a niche is a species' role within it. · 生态系统包括生物群落和非生物环境；生态位是物种在其内的角色。
Three levels of biodiversity
- the number and range of different ecosystems and habitats.
- the number of species and their abundance 丰度 (how common each is).
- the genetic variation within each species.
Biodiversity is measured at three levels: ecosystems, species, and the genes within a species
生物多样性的三个层次
- 不同 生态系统 和 栖息地 的数目和范围。
- 物种 的数目和它们的 丰度(每种有多常见)。
- 每个物种内部的 遗传变异。
生物多样性在三个层次测量:生态系统、物种,和一个物种内部的基因
Biodiversity is measured at three levels: ecosystems/habitats, species/abundance, and: · 生物多样性在三个层次上衡量：生态系统/栖息地、物种/丰度，以及：
The three levels are ecosystem diversity, species diversity (and abundance), and genetic diversity. · 三个层次是生态系统多样性、物种多样性（及丰度）和遗传多样性。
Sampling an area
- You can't count everything, so you take samples. Random sampling avoids bias.
- quadrats 样方 — square frames to count species inside them.
- transects 样带 — counting along a line across the area.
- mark-release-recapture 标志重捕法 — for moving animals: mark and release some, then see what fraction of a later catch is marked.
Quadrats, transects and mark-release-recapture
给一个区域取样
- 你不能数所有的东西,所以你取样本。随机取样(random sampling) 避免偏差。
- 样方(quadrats)——方形的框,数它们内部的物种。
- 样带(transects)——沿穿过区域的一条线数。
- 标记-释放-重捕(mark-release-recapture)——对移动的动物:标记并释放一些,然后看后来一次捕获中有多大比例被标记。
样方、样带和标记-释放-重捕
Why is random sampling used? · 为什么使用随机抽样？
Choosing positions by chance avoids bias, so the sample fairly represents the whole area. · 通过偶然选择位置可避免偏差，使样本公平代表整个区域。
Random sampling is used so the sample is not biased and fairly represents the whole area. · 使用随机抽样是为了确保样本无偏差并能公平代表整个区域。
Picking spots by chance (e.g. with coordinates) stops you only choosing the interesting-looking places. · 通过偶然（如坐标）选择位置可防止只挑选有趣的地方。
Match each sampling method to what it is for. · 将每种抽样方法与对应的用途进行匹配。
Quadrats and transects sample plants/slow organisms; mark-recapture estimates mobile animals; Simpson's index summarises diversity. · 样方和样线用于采样植物/缓慢移动的有机体；标志重捕法用于估算移动动物；辛普森指数总结多样性。
You mark 20 woodlice and release them. Later you catch 25, of which 10 are marked. Estimate the population (first catch × second catch ÷ marked in the second). · 你标记了20只鼠妇并释放它们。稍后你捕获了25只，其中10只是被标记的。请估算种群数量（第一次捕获数 × 第二次捕获数 ÷ 第二次捕获中的标记数）。
Population ≈ (20 × 25) ÷ 10 = 50. The marked fraction of the second catch (10/25) reflects the marked fraction of the whole population (20/N). · 种群 ≈ (20 × 25) ÷ 10 = 50。第二次捕获中标记的比例 (10/25) 反映了整个种群中标记的比例 (20/N)。
Measuring diversity
- Simpson's index 辛普森指数 of diversity turns biodiversity into a single number.
- A higher value means more diverse — and usually more stable.
测量多样性
- 辛普森多样性指数(Simpson's index of diversity) 把生物多样性变成一个 单一的数字。
- 一个 更高 的值意味着 更多样——通常也更稳定。
A higher Simpson's index of diversity means the area is: · 较高的辛普森多样性指数意味着该区域：
Simpson's index gives a single diversity number; higher means more diverse and generally more stable. · 辛普森指数给出一个多样性数值；数值越高表示多样性越高，且通常更稳定。
You've got it
- ecosystem = living + non-living; niche = a species' role
- biodiversity has three levels: ecosystems/habitats, species + abundance, genetic variation
- sample with quadrats & transects (fixed organisms) and mark-release-recapture (moving animals); use random sampling
- Simpson's index: higher = more diverse (and usually more stable)
你掌握了
- 生态系统 = 生物 + 非生物;生态位 = 一个物种的角色
- 生物多样性有三个层次:生态系统/栖息地、物种 + 丰度、遗传变异
- 用 样方 和 样带(固定的生物)以及 标记-释放-重捕(移动的动物)取样;用 随机取样
- 辛普森指数:更高 = 更多样(通常也更稳定)