Preventing and controlling disease · 疾病的预防与控制
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| vaccine/vækˈsiːn/ | 疫苗 | yì miáo |
| insecticide/ˌɪnˈsektɪsaɪd/ | 杀虫剂 | shā chóng jì |
| antibiotic/ˌæntɪbaɪˈɒtɪk/ | 抗生素 | kàng shēng sù |
| surveillance/səˈveɪləns/ | 监测 | jiān cè |
Stopping disease in its tracks
- Stopping a disease is not just about the science of the pathogen.
- Control has biological, social and economic sides.
- The best methods depend on how each disease spreads.
把疾病拦在路上
- 阻止一种疾病不只是关于病原体的科学。
- 控制有 生物学的、社会的 和 经济的 方面。
- 最好的方法取决于每种疾病 如何 传播。
Disease control chain · 疾病控制链
Follow how prevention breaks the chain of infection. · 了解预防措施如何切断感染链。
Which helps control the spread of an infectious disease? · 哪一项有助于控制传染病的传播？
Vaccination, hygiene and quarantine all reduce the spread of disease. · 疫苗接种、卫生措施和隔离均能减少疾病传播。
Control measures
- cholera: clean water and proper sewage treatment; good hygiene; vaccines 疫苗 in some areas.
- malaria: sleep under nets; remove still water where mosquitoes breed; spray insecticides 杀虫剂; take anti-malarial drugs.
- TB: find and treat patients (long antibiotic 抗生素 course); the BCG vaccine; reduce overcrowding; trace contacts.
- HIV: condoms; clean needles; test donated blood; education. No cure or vaccine yet, but drugs slow the virus.
控制措施
- 霍乱:清洁的水和适当的污水处理;良好的卫生;在某些地区接种疫苗。
- 疟疾:睡在蚊帐下;清除蚊子繁殖的死水;喷洒杀虫剂;服用抗疟药。
- 结核病:发现并治疗病人(长疗程的抗生素);卡介苗;减少过度拥挤;追踪接触者。
- HIV:安全套;清洁的针头;检测捐献的血液;教育。目前还没有治愈方法或疫苗,但药物减慢病毒。
The most important way to prevent cholera is to: · 预防霍乱最重要的方法是：
Cholera spreads via faeces-contaminated water, so clean water and good sanitation are key. · 霍乱通过被粪便污染的水传播，因此清洁水源和良好卫生是关键。
Match each disease to the best way to control it. · 将每种疾病与其最佳控制方法匹配。
You control each disease by attacking how it spreads — water for cholera, the mosquito for malaria, body fluids for HIV. · 你通过阻断其传播途径来控制每种疾病——霍乱针对水，疟疾针对蚊子，HIV针对体液。
Malaria is controlled by attacking the mosquito ______ — with nets, insecticides and by draining breeding pools. · 疟疾通过攻击蚊子______来控制——使用蚊帐、杀虫剂和排干滋生池。
The mosquito is the vector; stop it biting (nets) or breeding (drain still water) and you stop malaria spreading. · 蚊子是媒介；阻止其叮咬（用网）或繁殖（排干静水）即可阻断疟疾传播。
There is currently no cure or vaccine for HIV, so prevention (condoms, clean needles) matters most. · 目前尚无治愈或疫苗预防HIV，因此预防（安全套、清洁针头）最为重要。
HIV has no cure or vaccine yet; prevention and drugs that slow the virus are the main tools. · HIV目前尚无治愈方法或疫苗；预防和延缓病毒的药物是主要手段。
Three sides to every effort
- biological — the supply of drugs and vaccines, the biology of the pathogen.
- social — people's willingness to change behaviour, and education.
- economic — the cost and resources available.
- All three together decide how well a disease can be controlled.
Plasmodium parasites (ring shapes) inside red blood cells
每项努力的三个方面
- 生物学的——药物和疫苗的供应,病原体的生物学。
- 社会的——人们改变行为的意愿,以及教育。
- 经济的——可用的 成本 和资源。
- 这三者一起决定一种疾病能被控制得多好。
红血球内的疟原虫(环状)
Why might a good control method still fail to stop a disease? · 为什么良好的控制方法仍可能无法阻止疾病？
Control depends on biological, social and economic factors together — cost and behaviour can block even good science. · 控制取决于生物学、社会和经济因素的综合——成本和行为可能阻碍即使是优秀的科学方案。
A global effort
- Controlling disease needs global cooperation: surveillance 监测, vaccination programmes and sharing data.
- Organisations such as the WHO coordinate responses to outbreaks across borders.
一项全球努力
- 控制疾病需要 全球合作:监测、疫苗接种计划和共享数据。
- 像世界卫生组织(WHO)这样的组织协调跨国界对疫情的应对。
You've got it
- control has biological + social + economic sides
- cholera: clean water & sewage; malaria: nets, remove still water, insecticide
- TB: treat patients (long course) + BCG; HIV: condoms, clean needles, test blood (no cure/vaccine yet)
- cost, behaviour and drug supply all affect success
你掌握了
- 控制有 生物学 + 社会 + 经济 方面
- 霍乱:清洁的水和污水处理;疟疾:蚊帐、清除死水、杀虫剂
- 结核病:治疗病人(长疗程)+ 卡介苗;HIV:安全套、清洁的针头、检测血液(还没有治愈方法/疫苗)
- 成本、行为和药物供应都影响成败