Genetic technology in medicine · 医学中的基因技术
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| recombinant/ˌriːˈkɒmbɪnənt/ | 重组 | chóng zǔ |
| insulin/ˈɪnsjuːlɪn/ | 胰岛素 | yí dǎo sù |
| genetic screening/dʒɪˈnetɪk ˈskriːnɪŋ/ | 基因筛查 | jī yīn shāi chá |
| cystic fibrosis/ˈsɪstɪk fɪˈbrəʊsɪs/ | 囊性纤维化 | náng xìng xiān wéi huà |
| gene therapy/dʒiːn ˈθerəpi/ | 基因治疗 | jī yīn zhì liáo |
Rewriting medicine
- Genetic technology has transformed medicine.
- It makes human proteins, tests for disease alleles, and even treats genetic diseases.
- But it also raises hard questions.
改写医学
- 基因技术已经改变了医学。
- 它制造人类蛋白质、检测疾病等位基因,甚至治疗遗传病。
- 但它也引发难的问题。
Genetically modified bacteria can be used to make human insulin. · 转基因细菌能被用来制造人类胰岛素。
The human insulin gene is inserted into the bacteria, which then make exact human insulin. · 人类胰岛素基因被插入细菌,它们然后制造精确的人类胰岛素。
Recombinant 重组 human proteins
- A human gene is put into bacteria or other cells, which then make a recombinant human protein — an exact copy.
- This is safer, never in short supply, and avoids using animal or donor proteins.
- Examples: insulin 胰岛素 (diabetes), factor VIII (haemophilia), adenosine deaminase (faulty immune system).
The human insulin gene is inserted into a plasmid and put into bacteria, which then make human insulin
Restriction enzymes cut sticky ends; ligase joins them
重组人类蛋白质
- 一个人类基因被放进细菌或其他细胞,它们然后制造一个 重组(recombinant) 人类蛋白质——一个精确的拷贝。
- 这 更安全、从不短缺,并避免使用动物或捐献者的蛋白质。
- 例子:胰岛素(insulin)(糖尿病)、因子 VIII(血友病)、腺苷脱氨酶(有缺陷的免疫系统)。
人类胰岛素基因被插入一个质粒并放进细菌,细菌然后制造人类胰岛素
限制酶切出粘性末端;连接酶连接它们
Making human insulin with GM bacteria · 用转基因细菌制造人类胰岛素
Step through it. The human insulin gene goes into bacteria, which then churn out exact human insulin in fermenters. · 一步步走过它。人类胰岛素基因进入细菌,它们然后在发酵罐中大量产出精确的人类胰岛素。
An advantage of making insulin as a recombinant human protein is that it: · 把胰岛素制成一个重组人类蛋白质的一个优点是它:
Recombinant insulin is identical to human insulin, available in quantity, and avoids animal/donor sources. · 重组胰岛素与人类胰岛素相同,可大量获得,并避免动物/捐献者来源。
Human insulin made by genetically modified bacteria is described as ______ insulin. · 由转基因细菌制造的人类胰岛素被描述为 ______ 胰岛素。
Recombinant = the human gene has been combined into the bacterium's DNA. · 重组 = 人类基因已被结合进细菌的 DNA。
Genetic screening 基因筛查
- Genetic screening tests a person's DNA for disease alleles before symptoms appear.
- Examples: BRCA1/BRCA2 (breast cancer risk), Huntington's disease, cystic fibrosis 囊性纤维化.
- The results help people make informed choices about treatment and family.
基因筛查
- 基因筛查(genetic screening) 在 症状出现之前 检测一个人的 DNA 是否有 疾病等位基因。
- 例子:BRCA1/BRCA2(乳腺癌风险)、亨廷顿病、囊性纤维化(cystic fibrosis)。
- 结果帮助人们对治疗和家庭做出明智的选择。
Genetic screening tests a person's DNA for: · 基因筛查检测一个人的 DNA 是否有:
Screening checks for disease alleles (e.g. BRCA, Huntington's, cystic fibrosis) before any symptoms show. · 筛查在任何症状出现之前检查疾病等位基因(例如 BRCA、亨廷顿、囊性纤维化)。
Match each medical use of genetic technology to what it does. · 把基因技术的每个医学用途与它做的事配对。
Genetic technology lets us make exact human proteins, test for disease alleles, replace faulty genes and personalise drugs. · 基因技术让我们制造精确的人类蛋白质、检测疾病等位基因、替换有缺陷的基因并个性化药物。
Gene therapy 基因治疗
- Gene therapy treats a genetic disease by putting a working copy of a gene into the patient's cells.
- It has been used for SCID (a failed immune system) and some inherited eye diseases.
基因治疗
- 基因治疗(gene therapy) 通过把一个基因的 工作拷贝 放进患者的细胞来治疗一种遗传病。
- 它已被用于 SCID(一个失败的免疫系统)和一些遗传性眼病。
Gene therapy treats a genetic disease by: · 基因治疗通过以下治疗一种遗传病:
Gene therapy supplies a functioning gene (e.g. for SCID), correcting the faulty one. · 基因治疗提供一个有功能的基因(例如用于 SCID),纠正有缺陷的那个。
Ethical questions
- Who should see your genetic results?
- Could insurers or employers misuse them?
- Are the changes safe and permanent — and who decides?
伦理问题
- 谁应该看到你的基因结果?
- 保险公司或雇主会 滥用 它们吗?
- 这些改变 安全 且永久吗——而且谁来决定?
Which is an ethical concern raised by genetic screening? · 哪个是基因筛查引发的一个伦理关注?
Concerns include who can see the results and whether they could be misused, plus safety and consent. · 关注包括谁能看到结果以及它们是否会被滥用,加上安全和同意。
You've got it
- recombinant proteins (e.g. insulin): safer, never short, no animal/donor source
- genetic screening tests DNA for disease alleles before symptoms (BRCA, Huntington's, cystic fibrosis)
- gene therapy adds a working gene to cells (e.g. SCID)
- these raise ethical issues: privacy, misuse, safety, and who decides
你掌握了
- 重组蛋白质(例如 胰岛素):更安全、从不短缺、没有动物/捐献者来源
- 基因筛查 在 症状之前 检测 DNA 是否有疾病等位基因(BRCA、亨廷顿、囊性纤维化)
- 基因治疗 向细胞添加一个工作的基因(例如 SCID)
- 这些引发 伦理 问题:隐私、滥用、安全,以及谁来决定