Infectious diseases · 传染病
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| infectious disease/ɪnˈfekʃəs dɪˈziːz/ | 传染病 | chuán rǎn bìng |
| pathogen/ˈpæθədʒn/ | 病原体 | bìng yuán tǐ |
| transmissible/trænˈsmɪsɪbl/ | 可传播 | kě chuán bō |
| cholera/ˈkɒlərə/ | 霍乱 | huò luàn |
| malaria/mæˈleərɪə/ | 疟疾 | nüè jí |
| vector/ˈvektə/ | 媒介 | méi jiè |
| tuberculosis/ˌtjuːbəkjʊˈləʊsɪs/ | 结核病 | jié hé bìng |
| immune system/ɪˈmjuːn ˈsɪstəm/ | 免疫系统 | miǎn yì xì tǒng |
The enemy at the gates
- An infectious disease 传染病 is caused by a pathogen 病原体 — an organism that lives in or on a host and causes harm.
- These diseases are transmissible 可传播: the pathogen passes from one person to another.
- You need to know four key examples.
城门口的敌人
- 一种 传染病(infectious disease) 由一种 病原体(pathogen) 引起——一种生活在宿主体内或体表并造成伤害的生物。
- 这些疾病是 可传播的(transmissible):病原体从一个人传到另一个人。
- 你需要知道四个关键例子。
Infectious disease route lab · 传染病传播途径实验
Classify disease cases by pathogen and route of transmission. · 按病原体和传播途径对病例进行分类。
A pathogen is: · 病原体是：
A pathogen causes an infectious (transmissible) disease — e.g. a bacterium, virus or protoctist. · 病原体引起传染性（可传播）疾病——例如细菌、病毒或原生生物。
Four diseases to know
| Disease | Pathogen | How it spreads |
|---|---|---|
| cholera 霍乱 | bacterium (Vibrio cholerae) | water/food contaminated with faeces |
| malaria 疟疾 | protoctist (Plasmodium) | bite of an infected mosquito (a vector 媒介) |
| tuberculosis 结核病 (TB) | bacterium (Mycobacterium) | airborne droplets from coughs/sneezes |
| HIV/AIDS | virus (HIV) | unprotected sex, infected blood, mother to baby |
要知道的四种疾病
| 疾病 | 病原体 | 如何传播 |
|---|---|---|
| 霍乱 | 细菌(Vibrio cholerae) | 被粪便污染的水/食物 |
| 疟疾 | 原生生物(Plasmodium) | 被感染的蚊子叮咬(一个 媒介) |
| 结核病(TB) | 细菌(Mycobacterium) | 来自咳嗽/喷嚏的空气飞沫 |
| HIV/AIDS | 病毒(HIV) | 无保护性行为、被感染的血液、母婴 |
Match each disease to its type of pathogen. · 将每种疾病与其病原体类型匹配。
Pathogens come in several types — bacteria, viruses, protoctists and fungi all cause disease. · 病原体有多种类型——细菌、病毒、原生生物和真菌均可致病。
An organism that carries a pathogen from one host to another — like the mosquito for malaria — is a . · 携带病原体从一个宿主传播到另一个宿主的生物——如传播疟疾的蚊子——是。
The mosquito is the vector that transmits the Plasmodium protoctist when it bites. · 蚊子是传播恶性疟原虫原生生物的媒介，通过叮咬传播。
Cholera is caused by a bacterium and spreads through water or food contaminated with faeces. · 霍乱由细菌引起，通过被粪便污染的水或食物传播。
Cholera (Vibrio cholerae) spreads via contaminated water/food — so clean water and sanitation prevent it. · 霍乱（副溶血弧菌）通过受污染的水/食物传播——因此清洁水源和卫生设施可预防该病。
Malaria is caused by a protoctist (Plasmodium) carried by: · 疟疾由原生生物（疟原虫）引起，并通过：
The mosquito is the vector that transmits the Plasmodium protoctist when it bites. · 蚊子是传播恶性疟原虫原生生物的媒介，通过叮咬传播。
Why HIV is so serious
- HIV infects and destroys certain white blood cells.
- These are the cells that defend the body, so HIV slowly weakens the immune system 免疫系统.
- This leads to AIDS, when the body can no longer fight off infections.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (red rods) stained in a sputum sample
为什么 HIV 如此严重
- HIV 感染并 破坏某些白血球。
- 这些是保卫身体的细胞,所以 HIV 慢慢地 削弱免疫系统。
- 这导致 AIDS,这时身体不再能抵御感染。
痰样本中染色的结核分枝杆菌(红色杆状)
HIV weakens the body because it: · HIV削弱身体是因为它：
HIV destroys certain white blood cells, so the immune system weakens and AIDS can develop. · HIV破坏特定白细胞，导致免疫系统减弱并可能发展为艾滋病。
Pathogens and transmission
- Diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and protoctists.
- They spread by direct contact or indirect routes (air, water, food, vectors) — hygiene and clean water break these routes.
Malaria spreads through a mosquito vector: the mosquito carries Plasmodium from person to person
A pathogen is not the same as the disease. The pathogen is the microbe; the disease is the harm it causes. The same pathogen can cause different symptoms in different people.
病原体和传播
- 疾病由 细菌、病毒、真菌和原生生物 引起。
- 它们通过 直接 接触或 间接 途径(空气、水、食物、媒介)传播——卫生和清洁水切断这些途径。
疟疾通过蚊子媒介传播:蚊子把疟原虫从一个人带到另一个人
病原体与疾病不是一回事。 病原体是微生物;疾病是它造成的伤害。同一种病原体能在不同的人身上引起不同的症状。
You've got it
- pathogen = organism that causes disease; infectious diseases are transmissible
- cholera (bacterium, dirty water), malaria (protoctist, mosquito vector)
- TB (bacterium, airborne droplets), HIV/AIDS (virus, sex/blood/mother-to-baby)
- HIV destroys white blood cells → weakens the immune system
你掌握了
- 病原体 = 引起疾病的生物;传染病是 可传播的
- 霍乱(细菌,脏水)、疟疾(原生生物,蚊子 媒介)
- 结核病(细菌,空气飞沫)、HIV/AIDS(病毒,性行为/血液/母婴)
- HIV 破坏白血球 → 削弱 免疫系统