Antibodies and monoclonal antibodies · 抗体与单克隆抗体
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| antibody/ˈæntɪbɒdi/ | 抗体 | kàng tǐ |
| antigen-binding site/ˈæntɪdʒen ˈbaɪndɪŋ saɪt/ | 抗原结合位点 | kàng yuán jié hé wèi diǎn |
| variable region/ˈveərɪəbl ˈriːdʒn/ | 可变区 | kě biàn qū |
| monoclonal antibody/ˈmɒnəʊklɒnl ˈæntɪbɒdi/ | 单克隆抗体 | dān kè lóng kàng tǐ |
| hybridoma/ˌhaɪbrɪˈdəʊmə/ | 杂交瘤 | zá jiāo liú |
Custom-made weapons
- An antibody 抗体 is a Y-shaped protein made by plasma cells.
- Each one fits one antigen exactly — like a lock and key.
- We can even mass-produce a single type for medicine.
定制的武器
- 一个 抗体(antibody) 是一个由 浆细胞 制造的 Y 形蛋白质。
- 每一个都精确地契合一种抗原——像一把锁和钥匙。
- 我们甚至能为医学大量生产单一类型。
Monoclonal antibodies are: · 单克隆抗体是:
Monoclonal = "one clone" — all identical, so they all bind the same target. · 单克隆 = “一个克隆”——全都相同,所以它们都结合相同的靶点。
Antibody structure and action
- The two tips of the Y are the antigen-binding sites 抗原结合位点.
- Each site has a variable region 可变区 — a special shape that fits one antigen only.
- Antibodies help by: sticking to antigens, clumping pathogens together, marking them for phagocytes, and blocking toxins.
A Y-shaped antibody with two antigen-binding sites
抗体的结构和作用
- Y 的两个尖端是 抗原结合位点(antigen-binding sites)。
- 每个位点有一个 可变区(variable region)——一个 只契合一种抗原 的特殊形状。
- 抗体通过以下帮助:粘在抗原上、把病原体 聚集 在一起、为吞噬细胞 标记 它们,以及 阻断毒素。
一个有两个抗原结合位点的 Y 形抗体
Inside an antibody · 抗体内部
Tap each part. The variable tips bind one specific antigen; the constant stem is the same in every antibody. · 点击每个部分。可变的尖端结合一种特定的抗原;恒定的茎在每个抗体中都一样。
The variable region of an antibody: · 一个抗体的可变区:
The two tips of the Y are variable regions — each shaped to bind one specific antigen. · Y 的两个尖端是可变区——每个被塑造成结合一种特定的抗原。
Select all · 所有 the ways antibodies help destroy pathogens. · 选出抗体帮助摧毁病原体的所有方式。
Antibodies agglutinate pathogens, mark them for phagocytes and neutralise toxins — they do not build cell walls. · 抗体凝集病原体、为吞噬细胞标记它们并中和毒素——它们不建造细胞壁。
Match each term to its meaning. · 把每个术语与它的含义配对。
The variable tip is specific; the constant stem calls phagocytes; agglutination clumps; monoclonal = all identical. · 可变尖端是特异性的;恒定茎召集吞噬细胞;凝集把它们聚集;单克隆 = 全都相同。
Monoclonal antibodies
- A monoclonal antibody 单克隆抗体 is a single, identical type of antibody, made by the hybridoma 杂交瘤 method:
- an animal is given an antigen, so it makes B-lymphocytes that produce the wanted antibody.
- those B-lymphocytes are fused with tumour cells (which divide endlessly).
- the fused hybridoma both makes the antibody and divides without stopping.
Making monoclonal antibodies with a hybridoma
单克隆抗体
- 一个 单克隆抗体(monoclonal antibody) 是单一的、相同的一种抗体,用 杂交瘤(hybridoma) 方法制造:
- 给一只动物一种抗原,所以它制造产生想要的抗体的 B 淋巴细胞。
- 那些 B 淋巴细胞与 肿瘤细胞融合(肿瘤细胞无止境地分裂)。
- 融合的 杂交瘤 既 制造抗体 又 不停地分裂。
用杂交瘤制造单克隆抗体
A hybridoma is made by: · 一个杂交瘤通过以下制造:
The B-lymphocyte supplies the wanted antibody; the tumour cell makes it divide endlessly — together a hybridoma. · B 淋巴细胞提供想要的抗体;肿瘤细胞使它无止境地分裂——合起来是一个杂交瘤。
A B-lymphocyte fused with a tumour cell, so it both makes antibody and divides endlessly, is a ______. · 一个与肿瘤细胞融合的 B 淋巴细胞,所以它既制造抗体又无止境地分裂,是一个 ______。
The hybridoma is cloned to mass-produce one (monoclonal) antibody. · 杂交瘤被克隆以大量生产一种(单克隆)抗体。
What they're used for
- diagnosis — detecting a specific molecule (e.g. a pregnancy test).
- treatment — carrying drugs to specific target cells, such as cancer cells.
它们的用途
- 诊断——检测一种特定的分子(例如一个验孕测试)。
- 治疗——把药物运送到特定的 靶细胞,例如癌细胞。
Monoclonal antibodies are used in: · 单克隆抗体用于:
They detect specific molecules for diagnosis, and can carry drugs to specific target cells for treatment. · 它们为诊断检测特定的分子,并能为治疗把药物运送到特定的靶细胞。
You've got it
- an antibody is Y-shaped; the tips are variable regions that bind one antigen
- antibodies clump, mark, and block toxins so pathogens are dealt with
- monoclonal = one identical antibody, made by a hybridoma (B-lymphocyte + tumour cell)
- used in diagnosis (pregnancy test) and treatment (target drugs to cancer cells)
你掌握了
- 一个 抗体 是 Y 形 的;尖端是结合 一种抗原 的 可变区
- 抗体 聚集、标记,并 阻断毒素,所以病原体被处理掉
- 单克隆 = 一种相同的抗体,用 杂交瘤(B 淋巴细胞 + 肿瘤细胞)制造
- 用于 诊断(验孕测试)和 治疗(把药物靶向癌细胞)