Evolution and speciation · 演化与物种形成
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| species/ˈspiːsiːz/ | 物种 | wù zhǒng |
| evolution/ɪvəˈluːʃn/ | 进化 | jìn huà |
| gene pool/dʒiːn puːl/ | 基因库 | jī yīn kù |
| common ancestor/ˈkɒmən ˈænsestə/ | 共同祖先 | gòng tóng zǔ xiān |
| speciation/ˌspiːʃɪˈeɪʃn/ | 物种形成 | wù zhǒng xíng chéng |
| allopatric speciation/ˌæləˈpætrɪk ˌspiːʃɪˈeɪʃn/ | 异域物种形成 | yì yù wù zhǒng xíng chéng |
| sympatric speciation/ˈsɪmpətrɪk ˌspiːʃɪˈeɪʃn/ | 同域物种形成 | tóng yù wù zhǒng xíng chéng |
How new species 物种 arise
- Evolution 进化 is the slow formation of new species from earlier ones.
- It happens as the gene pool 基因库 (all the alleles in a population) changes over generations.
- New species form when populations become genetically isolated.
新物种如何产生
- 演化(evolution) 是从较早的物种缓慢形成新 物种(species)。
- 它随着 基因库(gene pool)(一个群体中所有的等位基因)经过许多代改变而发生。
- 当群体在遗传上变得 隔离 时,新物种形成。
Evolution is best described as: · 演化最好被描述为:
Evolution is the change in a population's gene pool over time, which can lead to new species. · 演化是一个群体的基因库随时间的改变,它能导致新物种。
Speciation is the formation of a new species, when two populations can no longer interbreed. · 物种形成是一个新物种的形成,当两个群体不再能杂交时。
It can be allopatric (geographical barrier) or sympatric (same area). · 它可以是异域的(地理屏障)或同域的(同一区域)。
Evidence from DNA
- DNA sequence data shows how closely two species are related.
- The more similar their DNA, the more recently they shared a common ancestor 共同祖先.
来自 DNA 的证据
- DNA 序列 数据显示两个物种关系有多近。
- 它们的 DNA 越相似,它们 越近 共享一个共同祖先。
Two species with very similar DNA sequences: · 两个有非常相似 DNA 序列的物种:
The more similar the DNA, the more recently the species shared a common ancestor. · DNA 越相似,这些物种越近共享一个共同祖先。
Speciation 物种形成
- Speciation happens when two populations become genetically separated, so they can no longer breed together. Two ways:
- allopatric speciation 异域物种形成 — populations kept apart by a geographical barrier (a sea, a mountain range).
- sympatric speciation 同域物种形成 — populations in the same area, separated by differences in behaviour or way of life.
物种形成
- 物种形成(speciation) 在两个群体变得在遗传上分离、所以它们不再能一起繁殖时发生。两种方式:
- 异域物种形成(allopatric speciation)——群体被一个 地理屏障(一片海、一座山脉)隔开。
- 同域物种形成(sympatric speciation)——在 同一区域 的群体,被 行为 或生活方式的差异分开。
Allopatric speciation · 异域物种形成
Step through it. A barrier splits one population; the two halves diverge until they can no longer interbreed. · 一步步走过它。一个屏障把一个群体分开;两半分化,直到它们不再能杂交。
Allopatric speciation requires: · 异域物种形成需要:
Allopatric speciation needs a physical barrier (sea, mountains); sympatric happens in the same area via behaviour. · 异域物种形成需要一个物理屏障(海、山);同域在同一区域通过行为发生。
Speciation is the formation of a new ______. · 物种形成是一个新 ______ 的形成。
It happens when two populations become so genetically different they can no longer interbreed. · 它在两个群体变得在遗传上如此不同以致不再能杂交时发生。
Put allopatric speciation in order. · 把异域物种形成按顺序排列。
Isolate → diverge → reproductive isolation. The barrier is geographical in allopatric speciation. · 隔离 → 分化 → 生殖隔离。在异域物种形成中屏障是地理的。
Match each term to its meaning. · 把每个术语与它的含义配对。
Allopatric = geographically separated; sympatric = isolated while together; both end in reproductive isolation. · 异域 = 地理上分开;同域 = 在一起时被隔离;两者都以生殖隔离结束。
Types of speciation
- Allopatric speciation: a population is split by a geographic barrier and the groups diverge.
- Sympatric speciation: new species arise without physical separation, in the same area.
Allopatric (a geographical barrier) and sympatric (same area) speciation
物种形成的类型
- 异域 物种形成:一个群体被一个 地理 屏障分开,这些组分化。
- 同域 物种形成:新物种在 没有 物理分离的情况下,在同一区域产生。
异域(一个地理屏障)和同域(同一区域)物种形成
You've got it
- evolution = the gene pool changing over generations → new species
- DNA similarity shows relatedness (more similar → more recent common ancestor)
- speciation = genetic isolation so they can't interbreed
- allopatric (geographical barrier) vs sympatric (same area, behaviour)
你掌握了
- 演化 = 基因库 经过许多代改变 → 新物种
- DNA 相似性 显示亲缘关系(越相似 → 越近的共同祖先)
- 物种形成 = 遗传隔离,所以它们不能杂交
- 异域(地理屏障)对 同域(同一区域,行为)