IGCSE Biology · ⁨IGCSE 生物⁩

1.1 Characteristics of living organisms · ⁨生物的特征⁩ 1.2 Concept and uses of classification systems · ⁨分类系统的概念与用途⁩ 1.3 Features of organisms · ⁨生物类群的特征⁩

2.1.1 Cells · ⁨细胞⁩ 2.1.2 Specialised cells and organisation · ⁨特化细胞与组织层次⁩ 2.2 Size of specimens · ⁨标本的大小⁩

3.1 Diffusion · ⁨扩散⁩ 3.2 Osmosis · ⁨渗透⁩ 3.3 Active transport · ⁨主动运输⁩

4.1.1 Biological molecules · ⁨生物分子⁩ 4.1.2 Food tests · ⁨食物检测⁩

5.1.1 What enzymes are · ⁨酶是什么⁩ 5.1.2 Temperature and pH · ⁨温度和 pH⁩

6.1 Photosynthesis · ⁨光合作用⁩ 6.2 Leaf structure · ⁨叶的结构⁩

7.1 Diet · ⁨膳食⁩ 7.2 Digestive system · ⁨消化系统⁩ 7.3 Physical digestion · ⁨物理消化⁩ 7.4 Chemical digestion · ⁨化学消化⁩ 7.5 Absorption · ⁨吸收⁩

8.1 Xylem and phloem · ⁨木质部与韧皮部⁩ 8.2 Water uptake · ⁨水分的吸收⁩ 8.3 Transpiration · ⁨蒸腾作用⁩ 8.4 Translocation · ⁨有机物的运输⁩

9.1 Circulatory systems · ⁨循环系统⁩ 9.2 Heart · ⁨心脏⁩ 9.3 Blood vessels · ⁨血管⁩ 9.4 Blood · ⁨血液⁩

10.1.1 Pathogens and defences · ⁨病原体与防御机制⁩ 10.1.2 Immunity and vaccination · ⁨免疫和接种疫苗⁩

11.1.1 Gas exchange surfaces · ⁨气体交换表面⁩ 11.1.2 Breathing and gas exchange · ⁨呼吸和气体交换⁩

12.1 Respiration · ⁨呼吸作用⁩ 12.2 Aerobic respiration · ⁨有氧呼吸⁩ 12.3 Anaerobic respiration · ⁨无氧呼吸⁩

13.1.1 Excretion and the urinary system · ⁨排泄和泌尿系统⁩ 13.1.2 The nephron and urea · ⁨肾单位和尿素⁩

14.1.1 The nervous system and reflexes · ⁨神经系统和反射⁩ 14.1.2 Synapses · ⁨突触⁩ 14.2.1 The eye · ⁨眼睛⁩ 14.2.2 Accommodation, rods and cones · ⁨调节、视杆细胞和视锥细胞⁩ 14.3 Hormones · ⁨激素⁩ 14.4.1 Homeostasis and blood glucose · ⁨稳态和血糖⁩ 14.4.2 Controlling body temperature · ⁨控制体温⁩ 14.5 Tropic responses · ⁨向性反应⁩

15.1 Drugs · ⁨药物⁩

16.1 Asexual reproduction · ⁨无性生殖⁩ 16.2 Sexual reproduction · ⁨有性生殖⁩ 16.3.1 Flowers and pollination · ⁨花和传粉⁩ 16.3.2 Fertilisation and germination · ⁨受精和萌发⁩ 16.4.1 Human reproductive systems · ⁨人类生殖系统⁩ 16.4.2 Gametes, fertilisation and pregnancy · ⁨配子、受精与妊娠⁩ 16.5 Sex hormones in humans · ⁨人类的性激素⁩ 16.6 Sexually transmitted infections · ⁨性传播感染⁩

17.1.1 Chromosomes, genes and proteins · ⁨染色体、基因和蛋白质⁩ 17.1.2 How DNA makes proteins · ⁨DNA 如何制造蛋白质⁩ 17.2 Mitosis · ⁨有丝分裂⁩ 17.3 Meiosis · ⁨减数分裂⁩ 17.4.1 Inheritance key words · ⁨遗传关键词⁩ 17.4.2 Monohybrid crosses · ⁨单因子杂交⁩ 17.4.3 Codominance and sex linkage · ⁨共显性和性连锁⁩

18.1 Variation · ⁨变异⁩ 18.2 Adaptive features · ⁨适应性特征⁩ 18.3.1 Natural selection · ⁨自然选择⁩ 18.3.2 Selective breeding · ⁨选择育种⁩

19.1 Energy flow · ⁨能量流动⁩ 19.2.1 Food chains and food webs · ⁨食物链与食物网⁩ 19.2.2 Trophic levels and energy loss · ⁨营养级和能量损失⁩ 19.3.1 The carbon cycle · ⁨碳循环⁩ 19.3.2 The nitrogen cycle · ⁨氮循环⁩ 19.4 Populations · ⁨种群⁩

20.1 Food supply · ⁨食物供应⁩ 20.2 Habitat destruction · ⁨栖息地破坏⁩ 20.3.1 Water pollution and eutrophication · ⁨水污染与富营养化⁩ 20.3.2 Plastics and greenhouse gases · ⁨塑料和温室气体⁩ 20.4 Conservation · ⁨保护⁩

21.1 Biotechnology and genetic modification · ⁨生物技术与基因改造⁩ 21.2.1 Biotechnology in action · ⁨生物技术实践⁩ 21.2.2 Fermenters · ⁨发酵罐⁩ 21.3 Genetic modification · ⁨基因改造⁩