The nephron and urea · 肾单位和尿素
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| nephrons/ˈnefrɒnz/ | 肾单位 | shèn dān wèi |
| ultrafiltration/ˌʊltrəfɪlˈtreɪʃn/ | 超滤 | chāo lǜ |
| selective reabsorption/sɪˈlektɪv riːbˈsɔːpʃn/ | 选择性重吸收 | xuǎn zé xìng zhòng xī shōu |
| osmoregulation/ˌɒzmɔːɡjʊˈleɪʃn/ | 渗透调节 | shèn tòu tiáo jié |
Inside the kidney's filter
- Each kidney contains about a million tiny filtering units called nephrons 肾单位.
- They clean the blood, keep what's useful, and remove what's not.
肾的过滤器内部
- 每个肾包含大约一百万个叫做肾单位(nephrons)的微小过滤单元。
- 它们清洁血液,保留有用的,移除没用的。
During ultrafiltration in the nephron, which stays in the blood? · 在肾单位的超滤期间,哪个留在血液中?
Large things (cells, proteins) are not filtered out. · 大的东西(细胞、蛋白质)不被过滤出去。
The tiny filtering unit of the kidney is the . · 肾的微小过滤单元是。
Each kidney has about a million nephrons. · 每个肾有大约一百万个肾单位。
Filtration
- High blood pressure forces small molecules (water, glucose, salts, urea) out of the blood — ultrafiltration 超滤.
- Big things (blood cells, proteins) stay in the blood.
A nephron filters the blood, then reabsorbs the useful substances; what is left is urine
过滤
- 高血压把小分子(水、葡萄糖、盐、尿素)挤出血液——超滤(ultrafiltration)。
- 大的东西(血细胞、蛋白质)留在血液中。
一个肾单位过滤血液,然后重新吸收有用的物质;剩下的是尿
The nephron at work · 工作中的肾单位
Each nephron filters the blood, then takes back what the body needs — what is left becomes urine. · 每个肾单位过滤血液,然后取回身体需要的——剩下的变成尿。
How much glucose is normally reabsorbed back into the blood? · 通常有多少葡萄糖被重新吸收回血液?
Glucose is useful, so all of it is reabsorbed. · 葡萄糖有用,所以所有的它被重新吸收。
Selective reabsorption returns useful substances from the nephron to the blood. · 选择性重吸收把有用的物质从肾单位返回血液。
Glucose and needed water are reabsorbed. · 葡萄糖和需要的水被重新吸收。
Reabsorption
- Useful substances are taken back into the blood — selective reabsorption 选择性重吸收.
- All the glucose, and as much water as the body needs, are reabsorbed.
The liver makes urea from excess amino acids; the kidneys excrete it
重吸收
- 有用的物质被取回血液中——选择性重吸收(selective reabsorption)。
- 所有的葡萄糖,以及身体需要的尽可能多的水,被重新吸收。
肝从多余的氨基酸制造尿素;肾排泄它
Urine is mainly made of: · 尿主要由以下哪种构成:
Useful substances are reabsorbed; waste forms urine. · 有用的物质被重新吸收;废物形成尿。
What's left is urine
- What remains — urea, excess water and salts — becomes urine.
- The amount of water reabsorbed adjusts to keep the body's water balance right (osmoregulation 渗透调节).
Worked example. Glucose is filtered out of the blood at the nephron, but it's useful — so all of it is reabsorbed. Finding glucose in someone's urine can be a sign of diabetes.
剩下的是尿
- 剩下的——尿素、多余的水和盐——变成尿。
- 重新吸收的水量进行调整以保持身体的水平衡正确(渗透调节,osmoregulation)。
例题。 葡萄糖在肾单位处被过滤出血液,但它有用——所以所有的它被重新吸收。在某人的尿中发现葡萄糖可能是糖尿病的一个迹象。
You've got it
- the nephron filters blood: ultrafiltration pushes out small molecules, keeps cells/proteins
- selective reabsorption returns useful substances (all glucose + needed water)
- what's left (urea, excess water/salts) is urine
你掌握了
- 肾单位过滤血液:超滤挤出小分子,保留细胞/蛋白质
- 选择性重吸收返回有用的物质(所有葡萄糖 + 需要的水)
- 剩下的(尿素、多余的水/盐)是尿