Specialised cells and organisation · 特化细胞与组织层次
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| tissues/ˈtɪʃuːz/ | 组织 | zǔ zhī |
| organs/ˈɔːɡənz/ | 器官 | qì guān |
| organ systems/ˈɔːɡən ˈsɪstəmz/ | 器官系统 | qì guān xì tǒng |
| specialised cells/ˈspeʃəlaɪzd selz/ | 特化细胞 | tè huà xì bāo |
| haemoglobin/ˌhiːməˈɡləʊbɪn/ | 血红蛋白 | xuè hóng dàn bái |
| ciliated/ˈsɪlɪeɪtɪd/ | 有纤毛的 | yǒu xiān máo de |
From one cell to a whole body
- A single cell can't run a whole organism. Bodies are built up in levels.
- And cells aren't all the same — many are specialised for one job.
从一个细胞到一整个身体
- 一个单一的细胞无法运行一整个生物体。身体以层级(levels)建立起来。
- 而细胞不都一样——许多为一个工作而特化(specialised)。
Cell organisation lab · 细胞组织实验
See how cells build tissues, organs and systems. · 观察细胞如何构成组织、器官和系统。
Put the levels of organisation in order from smallest to largest. · 将组织层次从小到大排序。
Cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism. · 细胞 → 组织 → 器官 → 系统 → 个体。
A group of similar cells working together is a: · 一群相似细胞协同工作称为：
A tissue is a group of similar cells. · 组织是由一群相似细胞组成的。
Several different tissues working together form an . · 几种不同的组织协同工作形成。
An organ is made of several tissues. · 器官由多种组织构成。
Levels of organisation
- Cells → tissues 组织 → organs 器官 → organ systems 器官系统 → organism.
- A tissue is a group of similar cells; an organ is several tissues working together.
Cells build up into tissues, organs, organ systems and the whole organism
Specialised cells have shapes that suit their jobs
组织层级
- 细胞 → 组织 → 器官 → 器官系统 → 生物体(cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism)。
- 一个组织(tissue)是一群相似的细胞;一个器官(organ)是几个组织一起工作。
细胞建立成组织、器官、器官系统和整个生物体
A red blood cell is specialised to carry oxygen. It has: · 红细胞特化用于携带氧气。它具有：
No nucleus leaves more room for haemoglobin, which carries oxygen. · 无细胞核为血红蛋白腾出更多空间，以携带氧气。
Specialised cells 特化细胞
- Red blood cells: no nucleus, full of haemoglobin 血红蛋白 — carry oxygen.
- Root hair cells: long extension — absorb water and minerals.
- Nerve cells: long and thin — carry electrical signals.
A light microscope, used to look at cells
特化细胞
- 红细胞(red blood cells):没有细胞核,充满血红蛋白——携带氧。
- 根毛细胞(root hair cells):长的延伸——吸收水和矿物质。
- 神经细胞(nerve cells):又长又细——携带电信号。
一个光学显微镜,用来看细胞
A root hair cell's long shape gives it a large surface area for absorbing water. · 根毛细胞的长形状使其具有较大的表面积以吸收水分。
Its structure fits its function of absorption. · 其结构适应其吸收功能。
Structure fits function
- Each specialised cell's shape and parts suit its job.
- For example, a sperm cell has a tail to swim; a ciliated 有纤毛的 cell has tiny hairs to sweep mucus.
Worked example. A root hair cell has a long, thin extension. This gives a large surface area to absorb water and minerals quickly — a perfect match of structure to function.
A bacterial cell has no nucleus: its DNA is a single loop, plus small plasmids
结构适合功能
- 每个特化细胞的形状和部件适合它的工作。
- 例如,一个精子细胞有一条尾巴来游泳;一个纤毛细胞有微小的毛来扫除黏液。
例题。 一个根毛细胞有一个又长又细的延伸。这给出一个大表面积来快速吸收水和矿物质——结构与功能的一个完美匹配。
一个细菌细胞没有细胞核:它的 DNA 是一个单一的环,加上小的质粒
You've got it
- organisation: cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism
- specialised cells (red blood, root hair, nerve) each do one job
- a cell's structure fits its function (e.g. root hair's large surface area)
你掌握了
- 组织:细胞 → 组织 → 器官 → 器官系统 → 生物体
- 特化细胞(红细胞、根毛、神经)各做一个工作
- 一个细胞的结构适合它的功能(例如根毛的大表面积)