AP European History · ⁨היסטוריה אירופאית - AP⁩

1.1 Contextualizing Renaissance and Discovery 1.2 Italian Renaissance 1.3 Northern Renaissance 1.4 Printing 1.5 New Monarchies 1.6 Technological Advances and the Age of Exploration 1.7 Rivals on the World Stage 1.8 Colonial Expansion and Columbian Exchange 1.9 The Slave Trade 1.10 The Commercial Revolution 1.11 Causation in the Renaissance and Age of Discovery

2.1 Contextualizing 16th- and 17th-Century Challenges and Developments 2.2 Luther and the Protestant Reformation 2.3 Protestant Reform Continues 2.4 Wars of Religion 2.5 The Catholic Reformation 2.6 16th-Century Society and Politics 2.7 Art of the 16th Century: Mannerism and Baroque Art 2.8 Causation in the Age of Reformation and the Wars of Religion

3.1 Contextualizing State Building 3.2 The English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution 3.3 Continuities and Changes to Economic Practice and Development 3.4 Economic Development and Mercantilism 3.5 The Dutch Golden Age 3.6 Balance of Power 3.7 Absolutist Approaches to Power 3.8 Comparison in the Age of Absolutism and Constitutionalism

4.1 Contextualizing the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment 4.2 The Scientific Revolution 4.3 The Enlightenment 4.4 18th-Century Society and Demographics 4.5 18th-Century Culture and Arts 4.6 Enlightened and Other Approaches to Power 4.7 Causation in the Age of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment

5.1 Contextualizing 18th-Century States 5.2 The Rise of Global Markets 5.3 Britain’s Ascendency 5.4 The French Revolution 5.5 The French Revolution’s Effects 5.6 Napoleon’s Rise, Dominance, and Defeat 5.7 The Congress of Vienna 5.8 Romanticism 5.9 Continuity and Change in 18th-Century States

6.1 Contextualizing Industrialization and Its Origins and Effects 6.2 The Spread of Industry Throughout Europe 6.3 Second Wave Industrialization and Its Effects 6.4 Social Effects of Industrialization 6.5 The Concert of Europe and European Conservatism 6.6 Reactions and Revolutions 6.7 Ideologies of Change and Reform Movements 6.8 19th-Century Social Reform 6.9 Institutional Responses and Reform 6.10 Causation in the Age of Industrialization

7.1 Contextualizing 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments 7.2 Nationalism 7.3 National Unification and Diplomatic Tensions 7.4 Darwinism, Social Darwinism 7.5 The Age of Progress and Modernity 7.6 New Imperialism: Motivations and Methods 7.7 Imperialism’s Global Effects 7.8 19th-Century Culture and Arts 7.9 Causation in 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments

8.1 Contextualizing 20th-Century Global Conflicts 8.2 World War I 8.3 The Russian Revolution and Its Effects 8.4 Versailles Conference and Peace Settlement 8.5 Global Economic Crisis 8.6 Fascism and Totalitarianism 8.7 Europe During the Interwar Period 8.8 World War II 8.9 The Holocaust 8.10 20th-Century Cultural, Intellectual, and Artistic Developments 8.11 Continuity and Changes in an Age of Global Conflict

9.1 Contextualizing Cold War and Contemporary Europe 9.2 Rebuilding Europe 9.3 The Cold War 9.4 Two Super Powers Emerge 9.5 Postwar Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Atrocities 9.6 Contemporary Western Democracies 9.7 The Fall of Communism 9.8 20th-Century Feminism 9.9 Decolonization 9.10 The European Union 9.11 Migration and Immigration 9.12 Technology 9.13 Globalization 9.14 20th- and 21st-Century Culture, Arts, and Demographic Trends 9.15 Continuity and Change in the 20th and 21st Centuries