ממשלות מגיבות

Liberalism changes what it asks the state to do

• Liberalism shifted from laissez-faire to interventionist economic and social policies in response to the challenges of industrialisation.
• The same ideology, opposite instruction: first that the state should stand back, then that it should act.
• In response to the challenges of industrialisation gives the reason, so this is adaptation, not inconsistency.

Four kinds of urban reform

• Reforms transformed unhealthy and overcrowded cities by modernising infrastructure, regulating public health, reforming prisons, and establishing modern police forces.
• Four measures, and they are different kinds of action: building, regulating, reforming, and creating a new institution.
• 6.4's overcrowding is the problem these answer, which makes the pair easy to write together.

The same word, two opposite policies- date the term or the essay contradicts itself

Who moved the governments

• The reforms were enacted by governments motivated by such forces as public opinion, prominent individuals, and charity organisations.
• The CED names the pressure, which is 6.8 arriving at the statute book.
• Such forces as signals an open list — these are examples, not the complete set.

Education, for three stated goals

• Reformers promoted compulsory public education to advance the goals of public order, nationalism, and economic growth.
• Three goals, and none of them is stated as the good of the child — the CED is reporting the reformers' reasons.
• Nationalism in that list is worth noticing: schooling is a way of making a population into a nation.

Why governments responded at all

• The objective is how and why governments and other institutions responded to challenges resulting from industrialisation.
• How: intervention, infrastructure, regulation, policing, prisons and schools.
• Why: pressure from organised opinion, plus the state's own interest in order, nationhood and growth.