הדפסה, קהל וחיים פרטיים
הוצג| English | משמעות |
|---|---|
| public opinion/ˈpʌblɪk əˈpɪnɪən/ | דעת קהל |
Public opinion 公共舆论 is invented
- Despite censorship, increasingly numerous and varied printed materials served a growing literate public and led to the development of public opinion.
- The CED says led to the development of — public opinion is a new thing, not a permanent feature of societies.
- It needs a literate public, a supply of print and a subject people disagree about; the eighteenth century supplied all three.
ה-CED מציג דעת ציבור כדבר ש...
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זה דורש ציבור סוחר, הדפסה מגוונת נושא מחולק.
Europeans read about other peoples
- Natural sciences, literature and popular culture increasingly exposed Europeans to representations of peoples outside Europe and, on occasion, challenges to accepted social norms.
- The CED's word is representations — accounts written by Europeans, not the peoples described.
- And on occasion those accounts were used to question European norms, which is how travel writing becomes political argument.
ה-CED אומר שדעת הציבור התפתחה ____ цензура.
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טענה על נפח שמנצח שליטה.
Art changed subject
- The arts moved from the celebration of religious themes and royal power to an emphasis on private life and the public good.
- That is a change of patron as much as of taste: buyers with money and no throne want different pictures.
- 2.7's Baroque promoted stature; this art depicts a family in a room, or a civic virtue.
דבר חדש, שינוי נושא או רציפות?
סדר כל אלמנט בחיי התרבות והאינטלקט.
המילה של ה-CED "representations" מצביעה על כך שהסיפורים האלו היו...
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וב-במקרים מסוימים הם שימשו לשאלת תקני אירופאיים.
Public opinion is presented as something that developed, not as a permanent feature of societies. It required a literate public, a supply of varied print and a subject people disagreed about — and the CED notes it appeared despite censorship, which is a claim about volume defeating control.
בחר שניהם הדברים מהם האמנות נעו רחוק.
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השניים האחרונים הם מהם נעו לכיוון.
The consumer revolution at home
- The consumer revolution of the 18th century was shaped by a new concern for privacy, encouraged the purchase of new goods for homes, and created new venues for leisure activities.
- 3.4 gave the consumer revolution its global cause; here the CED gives its domestic shape.
- A new concern for privacy is the link to 4.4's rooms with doors — the demand and the architecture arrive together.
הצורה הביתית של מהפכת הצרכנים קשורה לחדרים עם דלתות ב-⟦4.4⟧.
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דאגה חדשה לגבי פרטיות — הביקוש והארכיטקטורה מגיעים יחד.
Maintained and changed
- The objective is how European cultural and intellectual life was maintained and changed.
- Changed: public opinion appears, art changes subject, consumption and leisure acquire new venues.
- Maintained: censorship persists, hierarchies of status hold, and religion continues in private life.
A censor can suppress a title and cannot suppress a topic once a dozen pamphlets have printed on it. What emerges is not one forbidden book but a conversation with participants who have never met — and the CED's phrase for that conversation is public opinion.
Despite censorship, increasingly numerous and varied printed materials served a growing literate public and led to the development of public opinion. Natural sciences, literature and popular culture exposed Europeans to representations of peoples outside Europe and sometimes to challenges to accepted norms. The arts moved from religious themes and royal power to private life and the public good. The consumer revolution was shaped by a new concern for privacy.