רומנטיקה והתחדשות

Rousseau opens the door

• Rousseau questioned the exclusive reliance on reason and emphasised the role of emotions in the moral improvement of self and society.
• Note exclusive: the objection is to reason as the only faculty, not to reason itself.
• And note the aim — moral improvement — which makes this an Enlightenment argument turned against an Enlightenment habit.

Romanticism as a challenge

• Romanticism emerged as a challenge to Enlightenment rationality.
• The CED's word is challenge, not replacement: the two coexist, argue, and borrow from each other.
• This is the concrete content of the thread's not unchallenged — the qualifier finally gets a movement.

Contrasting emphases, not uniform camps: reason, feeling and historical experience

Religious revival, alongside

• Consistent with the Romantic Movement, religious revival occurred in Europe and included notable movements such as Methodism, founded by John Wesley.
• Consistent with is a claim of kinship, not of cause: revival and Romanticism share a temper.
• Both privilege inner experience over the demonstrable, which is why the CED files them together.

Mass politics has an emotional power

• Revolution, war, and rebellion demonstrated the emotional power of mass politics and nationalism.
• Demonstrated is the key verb: the events of 5.4-5.7 are the evidence for the claim.
• So this bullet closes the loop — the unit's political history is itself an argument against reliance on reason alone.

How and why the challenge came

• The objective asks how and why the Romantic Movement and religious revival challenged Enlightenment thought.
• How: by promoting emotion, inner experience and the particular over exclusive reason and the universal.
• Why: because reason alone had been shown, in politics, not to account for what people actually did.