האידיאולוגיות החדשות

Liberals, and their internal argument

• Liberals emphasised popular sovereignty, individual rights, and enlightened self-interest but debated the extent to which all groups in society should actively participate in its governance.
• Three commitments, and then a debate — the CED puts the disagreement inside liberalism, not outside it.
• So "the liberals wanted democracy" is too simple; the extent of participation was the open question.

Radicals and republicans go further

• Radicals in Britain and republicans on the continent demanded universal male suffrage and full citizenship without regard to wealth and property ownership; some argued that such rights should be extended to women.
• The demand is universal male suffrage — the CED is exact, and then records that some went further.
• 5.4's restriction of citizenship to men is being contested here, by a minority within a minority.

Questions ask you to distinguish these, so learn them as a set rather than one at a time

Socialists, from utopian to scientific

• Socialists called for the redistribution of society's resources and wealth and evolved from a utopian to a Marxist scientific critique of capitalism.
• Marx's scientific socialism provided a systematic critique of capitalism and a deterministic analysis of society and historical evolution.
• Deterministic is the distinguishing word: the claim is not just that capitalism is unjust but that its outcome is determined.

Anarchists reject authority as such

• Anarchists asserted that all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary and should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation.
• All forms is the point: this is not a preference for one government over another.
• So the four ideologies differ not only in what they want but in what they think the state is for.

How and why they challenged the order

• Each ideology challenges a different part of 6.5's settlement: legitimacy, the franchise, property, and authority itself.
• Why: industrialisation created conditions and classes the existing order had no account of.
• So the ideologies are the third thread's ideological responses, and naming which part each attacks is the strong move.