נאמנות לאומית

Five ways of encouraging loyalty

• Nationalists encouraged loyalty to the nation in a variety of ways, including romantic idealism, liberal reform, political unification, racialism with a concomitant anti-Semitism, and chauvinism justifying national aggrandisement.
• The list runs from the benign to the dangerous, and the CED puts them in one sentence on purpose.
• So nationalism is not one thing with one moral valence — it is a set of methods that different movements used differently.

The dangerous end of the list

• Racialism with a concomitant anti-Semitism is named as one of nationalism's methods, not as an aberration outside it.
• Concomitant means accompanying — the CED is stating that the two travelled together.
• Recording this accurately is part of the historical account; it is what the CED asks a student to know.

Before 1848 nationalism threatens the order; after 1848 conservatives build states with it

Acculturation, and a response

• While during the 19th century western European Jews became more socially and politically acculturated, Zionism, a form of Jewish nationalism, developed late in the century as a response to growing anti-Semitism throughout Europe.
• The CED's structure is a contrast: acculturation on one side, and a response to growing anti-Semitism on the other.
• Zionism is classified here as a form of Jewish nationalism, which places it inside the same thread as the other national movements.

Conservatives use nationalism

• A new generation of conservative leaders, including Napoleon III, Cavour, and Bismarck, used popular nationalism to create or strengthen the state.
• This is the reversal that makes the century legible: a force 6.5 tried to contain becomes a tool for building states.
• Used is the verb — the CED is describing instrumental adoption, not conversion.

Or reconfigure a state around it

• The creation of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, which recognised the political power of the largest ethnic minority, was an attempt to stabilise the state by reconfiguring national unity.
• An attempt again: the CED records the strategy without endorsing its success.
• It is the alternative to unification — where a state cannot be built on one nation, it bargains with the largest.