A-Level Chemistry

1.1.1 Particles in the atom 1.1.2 Atomic and ionic radius 1.2 Isotopes 1.3.1 Electron configuration 1.3.2 Orbitals and electrons in boxes 1.4 Ionisation energy

2.1 Relative masses of atoms and molecules 2.2 The mole and the Avogadro constant 2.3.1 Formulas and equations 2.3.2 Empirical and molecular formulas 2.4.1 Reacting masses and yield 2.4.2 Gas volumes and solutions

3.1 Electronegativity and bonding 3.2 Ionic bonding 3.3 Metallic bonding 3.4.1 Covalent and coordinate bonding 3.4.2 Sigma and pi bonds 3.5 Shapes of molecules 3.6.1 Polarity and van der Waals forces 3.6.2 Hydrogen bonding 3.7 Dot-and-cross diagrams

4.1 The gaseous state: ideal and real gases and pV = nRT 4.2.1 Giant structures 4.2.2 Physical properties from structure

5.1.1 Enthalpy change and reaction pathways 5.1.2 Bond energies and calorimetry 5.2 Hess’s law

6.1.1 Oxidation number and redox 6.1.2 Balancing redox and agents

7.1.1 Dynamic equilibrium 7.1.2 Le Chatelier's principle 7.1.3 Equilibrium constants 7.1.4 The Haber and Contact processes 7.2.1 Acids and bases 7.2.2 Strong and weak acids and bases 7.2.3 Neutralisation and titration curves

8.1 Rate of reaction 8.2 Effect of temperature on reaction rates and the concept of activation energy 8.3 Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

9.1 Periodicity of physical properties of the elements in Period 3 9.2.1 Reactions across Period 3 9.2.2 Oxides and chlorides with water 9.3 Chemical periodicity of other elements

10.1.1 The Group 2 metals 10.1.2 Thermal decomposition and solubility

11.1 Physical properties of the Group 17 elements 11.2 The chemical properties of the halogen elements and the hydrogen halides 11.3 Some reactions of the halide ions 11.4 The reactions of chlorine

12.1.1 Nitrogen and ammonia 12.1.2 Oxides of nitrogen and pollution

13.1 Formulas, functional groups and the naming of organic compounds 13.2.1 Bond fission and attacking species 13.2.2 Reaction and mechanism types 13.3 Shapes of organic molecules; σ and π bonds 13.4.1 Structural isomerism 13.4.2 Stereoisomerism

14.1.1 Alkanes 14.1.2 Free-radical substitution 14.2.1 Alkenes and their reactions 14.2.2 Polymerisation and the addition mechanism

15.1.1 Halogenoalkanes and nucleophilic substitution 15.1.2 Elimination and SN1/SN2 mechanisms

16.1.1 Alcohols — making and reactions 16.1.2 Oxidation of alcohols and tests

17.1.1 Aldehydes and ketones 17.1.2 Tests for carbonyl compounds

18.1 Carboxylic acids 18.2 Esters

19.1 Primary amines 19.2 Nitriles and hydroxynitriles

20.1 Addition polymerisation

21.1.1 Identifying groups and the reaction map 21.1.2 Planning a synthetic route

22.1 Infrared spectroscopy 22.2 Mass spectrometry

23.1 Lattice energy and Born-Haber cycles 23.2 Enthalpies of solution and hydration 23.3 Entropy change, ΔS 23.4 Gibbs free energy change, ΔG

24.1 Electrolysis 24.2.1 Standard electrode potentials 24.2.2 Feasibility and the Nernst equation

25.1.1 Conjugate pairs and pH 25.1.2 Buffer solutions 25.1.3 Solubility product 25.2 Partition coefficients

26.1.1 Rate equations and orders 26.1.2 Half-life and the rate constant 26.2.1 Reaction mechanisms 26.2.2 Catalysts

27.1.1 Thermal stability of Group 2 compounds 27.1.2 Solubility of Group 2 compounds

28.1 General physical and chemical properties of the first row of transition 28.2.1 Ligands and complexes 28.2.2 Ligand exchange and redox 28.3 Colour of complexes 28.4 Stereoisomerism in transition element complexes 28.5 Stability constants, Kstab

29.1 Formulas, functional groups and the naming of organic compounds 29.2 Characteristic organic reactions 29.3 Shapes of aromatic organic molecules; σ and π bonds 29.4 Isomerism: optical

30.1.1 Arenes and their reactions 30.1.2 Side-chain, ring and directing effects

31.1 Halogen compounds

32.1 Alcohols 32.2 Phenol

33.1 Carboxylic acids 33.2 Esters 33.3 Acyl chlorides

34.1 Primary and secondary amines 34.2 Phenylamine and azo compounds 34.3 Amides 34.4 Amino acids

35.1 Condensation polymerisation 35.2 Predicting the type of polymerisation 35.3 Degradable polymers

36.1 Organic synthesis

37.1 Thin-layer chromatography 37.2 Gas/liquid chromatography 37.3 Carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy 37.4 Proton (1H) NMR spectroscopy