剑桥 IGCSE IGCSE, A-Level & AP 练习单预览

第四时期：1800—1848

AP 美国历史 · 第 4 主题

训练
讲义 词汇表
4.1 4.2

第四时期的时代背景
大纲

4.1 Contextualizing Period 4

Learning ObjectivePreview: Unit 4 Key Concepts

Unit 4.A
Explain the context in which the republic developed from 1800 to 1848.

  • KC-4.1 The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them.
    • KC-4.1.I The nation’s transition to a more participatory democracy was achieved by expanding suffrage from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white men, and it was accompanied by the growth of political parties.
    • KC-4.1.II While Americans embraced a new national culture, various groups developed distinctive cultures of their own.
    • KC-4.1.III Increasing numbers of Americans, many inspired by new religious and intellectual movements, worked primarily outside of government institutions to advance their ideals.
  • KC-4.2 Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities.
    • KC-4.2.I New transportation systems and technologies dramatically expanded manufacturing and agricultural production.
    • KC-4.2.II The changes caused by the market revolution had significant effects on U.S. society, workers’ lives, and gender and family relations.
    • KC-4.2.III Economic development shaped settlement and trade patterns, helping to unify the nation while also encouraging the growth of different regions.
  • KC-4.3 The U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade and expanding its national borders shaped the nation’s foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives.
    • KC-4.3.I Struggling to create an independent global presence, the United States sought to claim territory throughout the North American continent and promote foreign trade.
    • KC-4.3.II The United States’ acquisition of lands in the West gave rise to contests over the extension of slavery into new territories.

4.2 The Rise of Political Parties and the Era of Jefferson

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

PCE
Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.

Unit 4.B
Explain the causes and effects of policy debates in the early republic.

  • KC-4.1.I.A In the early 1800s, national political parties continued to debate issues such as the tariff, powers of the federal government, and relations with European powers.
  • KC-4.1.I.B Supreme Court decisions established the primacy of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the Constitution and asserted that federal laws took precedence over state laws.
  • KC-4.3.I.A.i Following the Louisiana Purchase, the U.S. government sought influence and control over North America through a variety of means, including exploration and diplomatic efforts.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

第四时期从 1800 年到 1848 年。三件事同时发生:民主扩大、经济转型、国土扩张——而每一件都加深了关于奴隶制的争论。

各政党继续就关税(tariff)、国家银行(bank)和内部改良(internal improvements,由联邦出资修建的道路与运河)展开辩论。这些争论的实质是:国家政府应当拥有多大权力。

最高法院解决了这一争论的一部分。其判决确立了司法至上(primacy of the judiciary),即由法院裁定宪法含义——也就是司法审查(judicial review)原则,并总体上强化了联邦对各州的权力。

扩张很早就开始了:路易斯安那购地(Louisiana Purchase)之后,政府力图对西部施加影响与控制,派出考察队并与原住民各族谈判。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
tariff 关税 guān shuì
bank 银行 yín háng
internal improvements 内部改良 nèi bù gǎi liáng
primacy of the judiciary 司法至上 sī fǎ zhì shàng
judicial review 司法审查 sī fǎ shěn chá
Louisiana Purchase 路易斯安那购地 lù yì sī ān nà gòu dì
4.3 4.4

政治与区域利益
大纲

4.3 Politics and Regional Interests

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

PCE
Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.

Unit 4.C
Explain how different regional interests affected debates about the role of the federal government in the early republic.

  • KC-4.1.I.D Regional interests often trumped national concerns as the basis for many political leaders’ positions on slavery and economic policy.
  • KC-4.2.III.D Plans to further unify the U.S. economy, such as the American System, generated debates over whether such policies would benefit agriculture or industry, potentially favoring different sections of the country.
  • KC-4.3.II.C Congressional attempts at political compromise, such as the Missouri Compromise, only temporarily stemmed growing tensions between opponents and defenders of slavery.

4.4 America on the World Stage

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

WOR
America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.

Unit 4.D
Explain how and why American foreign policy developed and expanded over time.

  • KC-4.3.I Struggling to create an independent global presence, the United States sought to claim territory throughout the North American continent and promote foreign trade.
  • KC-4.3.I.A.ii The U.S. government sought influence and control over the Western Hemisphere through a variety of means, including military actions, American Indian removal, and diplomatic efforts such as the Monroe Doctrine.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

随着国家扩张,区域利益(regional interests)出现分化。北方支持关税以保护制造业;南方反对关税,视之为对其出口的课税;西部则要求内部改良与廉价土地。这一时期几乎所有政治争端都可以放进这个三角关系。

在对外方面,美国努力确立独立的国际地位(independent global presence)。它打了1812年战争(War of 1812),扩大对外贸易,并在门罗主义(Monroe Doctrine)中宣布西半球不再接受欧洲的进一步殖民——这一主张远远超出了当时美国的实际实力。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
regional interests 区域利益 qū yù lì yì
independent global presence 独立的国际地位 dú lì de guó jì dì wèi
War of 1812 1812年战争 1812 nián zhàn zhēng
Monroe Doctrine 门罗主义 mén luó zhǔ yì
4.5

市场革命:工业化
大纲

4.5 Market Revolution: Industrialization

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

WXT
Work, Exchange, and Technology — The interplay between markets, private enterprise, labor, technology, and government policy shape the American economy. In turn, economic activity shapes society and government policy and drives technological innovation.

Unit 4.E
Explain the causes and effects of the innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce over time.

  • KC-4.2.I.A Entrepreneurs helped to create a market revolution in production and commerce, in which market relationships between producers and consumers came to prevail as the manufacture of goods became more organized.
  • KC-4.2.I.B Innovations including textile machinery, steam engines, interchangeable parts, the telegraph, and agricultural inventions increased the efficiency of production methods.
  • KC-4.2.I.C Legislation and judicial systems supported the development of roads, canals, and railroads, which extended and enlarged markets and helped foster regional interdependence. Transportation networks linked the North and Midwest more closely than they linked regions in the South.
  • KC-4.2.III.B Increasing Southern cotton production and the related growth of Northern manufacturing, banking, and shipping industries promoted the development of national and international commercial ties.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

市场革命呈现为一条链条:新交通带来更广阔的市场,推动专业化,再重塑各区域及其社会
市场革命是一条链条,而不是一份清单:每一环都把上一环变成人们生活方式上的改变

新的交通体系(transportation systems)——道路、运河(canals,如伊利运河)、蒸汽船,以及随后的铁路(railroads)——连同新技术,极大地扩大了制造业与农业产出。

考试想要的是其中的机制。运输变便宜扩大了市场(markets);更广阔的市场使各区域得以专业化(specialise),各自生产最擅长的产品;专业化在贸易上把各区域捆在一起,同时又使它们在经济上彼此不同。

按区域来看的结果是:东北部出现工厂生产(factory production)与雇佣劳动,西部形成商业化农业(commercial farming),而南方则更加依赖由被奴役者种植的棉花(cotton)。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
transportation systems 交通体系 jiāo tōng tǐ xì
canals 运河 yùn hé
railroads 铁路 tiě lù
markets 市场 shì chǎng
specialise 专业化 zhuān yè huà
factory production 工厂生产 gōng chǎng shēng chǎn
commercial farming 商业化农业 shāng yè huà nóng yè
cotton 棉花 mián huā
4.6

市场革命:社会与文化
大纲

4.6 Market Revolution: Society and Culture

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

SOC
Social Structures — Social categories, roles, and practices are created, maintained, challenged, and transformed throughout American history, shaping government policy, economic systems, culture, and the lives of citizens.

Unit 4.F
Explain how and why innovation in technology, agriculture, and commerce affected various segments of American society over time.

  • KC-4.2.III.A Large numbers of international migrants moved to industrializing Northern cities, while many Americans moved west of the Appalachians, developing thriving new communities along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers.
  • KC-4.2.II.B The growth of manufacturing drove a significant increase in prosperity and standards of living for some; this led to the emergence of a larger middle class and a small but wealthy business elite, but also to a large and growing population of laboring poor.
  • KC-4.2.II.A Increasing numbers of Americans, especially women and men working in factories, no longer relied on semi-subsistence agriculture; instead they supported themselves producing goods for distant markets.
  • KC-4.2.II.C Gender and family roles changed in response to the market revolution, particularly with the growth of definitions of domestic ideals that emphasized the separation of public and private spheres.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

市场革命改变的不只是生产什么,还有人们如何生活。

  • 工作从家庭转移到工厂与办公场所,催生了日益壮大的中产阶级(middle class)和新的雇佣劳动者阶级(wage-earning working class)。
  • 家庭与工作场所分离(separation of home and workplace)助长了一种把女性限定于家庭角色的意识形态,尽管当时许多女性在工厂中领取工资。
  • 移民(immigration)大幅增加,尤其来自爱尔兰与德意志地区,既带来了更庞大的劳动力,也催生了有组织的排外主义(nativist)敌意。
  • 城市化(urbanisation)加速,随之而来的还有各种社会问题。
词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
middle class 中产阶级 zhōng chǎn jiē jí
wage-earning working class 雇佣劳动者阶级 gù yōng láo dòng zhě jiē jí
separation of home and workplace 家庭与工作场所分离 jiā tíng yǔ gōng zuò chǎng suǒ fēn lí
Immigration 移民 yí mín
nativist 排外主义 pái wài zhǔ yì
Urbanisation 城市化 chéng shì huà
4.7 4.8

民主的扩大
大纲

4.7 Expanding Democracy

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

PCE
Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.

Unit 4.G
Explain the causes and effects of the expansion of participatory democracy from 1800 to 1848.

  • KC-4.1.I The nation’s transition to a more participatory democracy was achieved by expanding suffrage from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white men, and it was accompanied by the growth of political parties.

4.8 Jackson and Federal Power

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

PCE
Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.

Unit 4.H
Explain the causes and effects of continuing policy debates about the role of the federal government from 1800 to 1848.

  • KC-4.1.I.C By the 1820s and 1830s, new political parties arose—the Democrats, led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whigs, led by Henry Clay— that disagreed about the role and powers of the federal government and issues such as the national bank, tariffs, and federally funded internal improvements.
  • KC-4.3.I.B Frontier settlers tended to champion expansion efforts, while American Indian resistance led to a sequence of wars and federal efforts to control and relocate American Indian populations.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

向更具参与性的民主(more participatory democracy)的转变,是通过扩大选举权(suffrage)实现的——取消对白人男性的财产资格限制——并伴随新的竞选方式与群众性政党。

其局限与其扩展同样重要:这一扩大只惠及白人男性,而自由的非裔美国人在若干州于同一时期失去了投票权,女性则从未拥有。

杰克逊(Andrew Jackson)既体现也考验了这种新政治。他的任期内有对国家银行的斗争、围绕关税的废止危机(nullification crisis),以及印第安人迁移法(Indian Removal Act)——东南部各族被强制迁移,史称血泪之路(Trail of Tears)。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
more participatory democracy 更具参与性的民主 gèng jù cān yù xìng de mín zhǔ
suffrage 选举权 xuǎn jǔ quán
Andrew Jackson 杰克逊 jié kè xùn
nullification crisis 废止危机 fèi zhǐ wēi jī
Indian Removal Act 印第安人迁移法 yìn dì ān rén qiān yí fǎ
Trail of Tears 血泪之路 xuè lèi zhī lù
4.9 4.10 4.11

美国文化的发展
大纲

4.9 The Development of an American Culture

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

ARC
American and Regional Culture — Creative expression, demographic change, philosophy, religious beliefs, scientific ideas, social mores, and technology shape national, regional, and group cultures in America, and these varying cultures often play a role in shaping government policy and developing economic systems.

Unit 4.I
Explain how and why a new national culture developed from 1800 to 1848.

  • KC-4.1.II.B A new national culture emerged that combined American elements, European influences, and regional cultural sensibilities.
  • KC-4.1.II.C Liberal social ideas from abroad and Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility influenced literature, art, philosophy, and architecture.

4.10 The Second Great Awakening

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

ARC
American and Regional Culture — Creative expression, demographic change, philosophy, religious beliefs, scientific ideas, social mores, and technology shape national, regional, and group cultures in America, and these varying cultures often play a role in shaping government policy and developing economic systems.

Unit 4.J
Explain the causes of the Second Great Awakening.

  • KC-4.1.II.A.i The rise of democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, and changes to society caused by the market revolution, along with greater social and geographical mobility, contributed to a Second Great Awakening among Protestants.

4.11 An Age of Reform

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

ARC
American and Regional Culture — Creative expression, demographic change, philosophy, religious beliefs, scientific ideas, social mores, and technology shape national, regional, and group cultures in America, and these varying cultures often play a role in shaping government policy and developing economic systems.

Unit 4.K
Explain how and why various reform movements developed and expanded from 1800 to 1848.

  • KC-4.1.II.A.ii The rise of democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, and changes to society caused by the market revolution, along with greater social and geographical mobility, contributed to a Second Great Awakening among Protestants that influenced moral and social reforms and inspired utopian and other religious movements.
  • KC-4.1.III.A Americans formed new voluntary organizations that aimed to change individual behaviors and improve society through temperance and other reform efforts.
  • KC-4.1.III.B.i Abolitionist and antislavery movements gradually achieved emancipation in the North, contributing to the growth of the free African American population, even as many state governments restricted African Americans’ rights.
  • KC-4.3.II.B.i Antislavery movements increased in the North.
  • KC-4.1.III.C A women’s rights movement sought to create greater equality and opportunities for women, expressing its ideals at the Seneca Falls Convention. Over time, arguments emerged over whether to narrow the goals to white women.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

民主与个人主义信念的兴起、对理性主义的反弹,以及市场革命带来的变化,共同催生了第二次大觉醒(Second Great Awakening),这是一场强调个人得救与人可臻于完善的宗教复兴浪潮。

这种信念又滋养了改革。美国人组建自愿团体(voluntary organizations),致力于改变个人行为与各种制度:

  • 禁酒运动(temperance),以及监狱、收容院与学校改革。
  • 废奴与反奴隶制运动(abolitionist and antislavery movements),它们在北方逐步实现了解放,并在全国范围内声势渐涨。
  • 妇女权利运动(women's rights movement),争取更大的平等与机会,并在塞内卡福尔斯会议(Seneca Falls Convention)上表达其理想。

关于民族认同的观念越来越多地体现在艺术、文学与建筑(art, literature, and architecture)之中,而各群体也维系着各自独特的文化。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
Second Great Awakening 第二次大觉醒 dì èr cì dà jué xǐng
voluntary organizations 自愿团体 zì yuàn tuán tǐ
Temperance 禁酒运动 jìn jiǔ yùn dòng
Abolitionist and antislavery movements 废奴与反奴隶制运动 fèi nú yǔ fǎn nú lì zhì yùn dòng
women's rights movement 妇女权利运动 fù nǚ quán lì yùn dòng
Seneca Falls Convention 塞内卡福尔斯会议 sāi nèi kǎ fú ěr sī huì yì
art, literature, and architecture 艺术、文学与建筑 yì shù 、 wén xué yǔ jiàn zhù
4.12 4.13

共和国早期的非裔美国人
大纲

4.12 African Americans in the Early Republic

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

SOC
Social Structures — Social categories, roles, and practices are created, maintained, challenged, and transformed throughout American history, shaping government policy, economic systems, culture, and the lives of citizens.

Unit 4.L
Explain the continuities and changes in the experience of African Americans from 1800 to 1848.

  • KC-4.1.III.B.ii Antislavery efforts in the South were largely limited to unsuccessful rebellions by enslaved people.
  • KC-4.1.II.D Enslaved blacks and free African Americans created communities and strategies to protect their dignity and family structures, and they joined political efforts aimed at changing their status.

4.13 The Society of the South in the Early Republic

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

GEO
Geography and the Environment — Geographic and environmental factors, including competition over and debates about natural resources, shape the development of America and foster regional diversity. The development of America impacts the environment and reshapes geography, which leads to debates about environmental and geographic issues.

Unit 4.M
Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of the South from 1800 to 1848.

  • KC-4.3.II.B.ii In the South, although the majority of Southerners owned no enslaved persons, most leaders argued that slavery was part of the Southern way of life.
  • KC-4.2.III.C Southern business leaders continued to rely on the production and export of traditional agricultural staples, contributing to the growth of a distinctive Southern regional identity.
  • KC-4.3.II.A As overcultivation depleted arable land in the Southeast, slaveholders began relocating their plantations to more fertile lands west of the Appalachians, where the institution of slavery continued to grow.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

南方的反奴隶制努力大体上限于被奴役者未能成功的起义(unsuccessful rebellions),而这些起义换来的是更严苛的法律与更严密的控制。

被奴役者与自由的非裔美国人创造出社群与策略(communities and strategies)来保护自己:家庭与亲属网络、宗教实践、音乐,以及隐蔽的反抗——这是第二时期模式的延续。

在南方,尽管多数南方人并不拥有奴隶,却大多支持这一制度。随着东南部可耕地因过度耕种而地力衰竭,奴隶主开始向西迁移(relocated westward),把奴隶制带入新的领地——这正是西进扩张之所以成为全国性危机而非区域性问题的原因。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
unsuccessful rebellions 未能成功的起义 wèi néng chéng gōng de qǐ yì
communities and strategies 社群与策略 shè qún yǔ cè lüè
relocated westward 向西迁移 xiàng xī qiān yí
4.14

第四时期的因果关系
大纲

4.14 Causation in Period 4

Learning ObjectiveReview: Unit 4 Key Concepts

Unit 4.N
Explain the extent to which politics, economics, and foreign policy promoted the development of American identity from 1800 to 1848.

  • KC-4.1 The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them.
    • KC-4.1.I The nation’s transition to a more participatory democracy was achieved by expanding suffrage from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white men, and it was accompanied by the growth of political parties.
    • KC-4.1.II While Americans embraced a new national culture, various groups developed distinctive cultures of their own.
    • KC-4.1.III Increasing numbers of Americans, many inspired by new religious and intellectual movements, worked primarily outside of government institutions to advance their ideals.
  • KC-4.2 Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities.
    • KC-4.2.I New transportation systems and technologies dramatically expanded manufacturing and agricultural production.
    • KC-4.2.II The changes caused by the market revolution had significant effects on U.S. society, workers’ lives, and gender and family relations.
    • KC-4.2.III Economic development shaped settlement and trade patterns, helping to unify the nation while also encouraging the growth of different regions.
  • KC-4.3 The U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade and expanding its national borders shaped the nation’s foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives.
    • KC-4.3.I Struggling to create an independent global presence, the United States sought to claim territory throughout the North American continent and promote foreign trade.
    • KC-4.3.II The United States’ acquisition of lands in the West gave rise to contests over the extension of slavery into new territories.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

本时期考查的推理能力是因果关系(causation)。最值得把握的链条是:市场革命与西进扩张是增长的引擎,而两者都推动了第五时期以战争收场的地区冲突。

**Worked example(一道真实的 AP 考题)。*2023 年的长文章题为「评估 1800 至 1855 年间商业发展在多大程度上改变了美国社会」。高分论点会对"程度"表态,并点明变化发生在哪些方面:「1800 至 1855 年间,商业发展在很大程度上改变了美国社会:它在北方造就了雇佣劳动者阶级与一个独立的中产阶级,并把西部纳入全国市场;不过在南方,它加深而非取代了原有的以奴隶制为基础的农业秩序。」*注意其结构:Evaluate the extent 奖励有限定的立场——"在很大程度上,不过……"——因为这种结构让文章能够使用正反两方面的证据。只说商业发展"改变很大"的论点无法展开论证。

4.14

考试技巧
  • 把市场革命当作一条链条来学:交通 → 更广阔的市场 → 专业化 → 各异的区域经济 → 社会变化。
  • 解释政治争端时要给出区域三角(北方、南方、西部);关税、银行与内部改良都能放进去。
  • 民主的扩大只针对白人男性,而自由黑人男性在若干州反而失去了权利。写出这一点,才能把描述变成评价。
  • 把第二次大觉醒与改革连接起来:复兴运动提供了"人与社会皆可臻于完善"的信念。
  • 南方人的西迁之所以重要,是因为它把奴隶制带向西部,从而使扩张变成了全国性的核心冲突。
  • 面对 Evaluate the extent 类题目,要给出有限定的立场。"在很大程度上,尽管……"正是评分标准所奖励的结构。

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