Democracy, Economy, Expansion · 民主、经济、扩张
Three claims for the early republic
- The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation's democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them.
- Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities.
- The U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade and expanding its national borders shaped the nation's foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives.
早期共和国的三项主张
- 美国开始发展一种现代民主并颂扬一种新的民族文化,与此同时美国人力图界定这个国家的民主理想,并改变他们的社会与制度以与之相称。
- 技术、农业与商业上的创新有力地加速了美国经济,催生了美国社会以及民族与地区认同上的深刻变化。
- 美国对扩大对外贸易与拓展国界的兴趣,塑造了这个国家的外交政策,并推动了政府与民间的种种举措。
'Sought to define the nation's democratic ideals' describes... · ‘Sought to define the nation's democratic ideals（试图定义国家的民主理想）’描述的是...
The ideals are being defined, not simply applied. · 这些理想正在被定义，而不仅仅是被应用。
The first claim contains a project
- Americans sought to define the nation's democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them.
- That is a description of ongoing work, not an accomplished condition — the ideals are being defined, not applied.
- 4.7's suffrage expansion, 4.11's reform movements and 4.12's antislavery efforts are three instalments of that project.
第一项主张包含一项工程
- 美国人力图界定这个国家的民主理想,并改变他们的社会与制度以与之相称。
- 那是对一项持续进行之工作的描述,不是一种已完成的状态——这些理想正在被界定,而不是被应用。
- 4.7 的选举权扩大、4.11 的改革运动与 4.12 的反奴隶制努力,是这项工程的三期。
Select both · 两者 levels of identity the second claim names. · 选择第二个主张提到的两个身份层次。
The economy changes both at the same time. · 经济在同时发生变化的两个方面。
The second claim splits identity in two
- Profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities — the CED names both levels.
- So the economy produces a shared national market and a sharper sense of sectional difference at the same time.
- 4.5's transport networks and 4.13's Southern staples are the two halves of that single mechanism.
第二项主张把认同一分为二
- 美国社会以及民族与地区认同上的深刻变化——CED 同时点出了两个层次。
- 因此经济同时产生了一个共享的全国市场,以及一种更尖锐的地区差异感。
- 4.5 的运输网络与 4.13 的南方大宗作物,正是这同一个机制的两半。
Which of unit 4's threads? · 这是第4单元的哪个线索？
Sort each statement into its thread. · 将每个陈述归类到其所属线索。
Select both · 两者 aims joined in the third claim. · 选择第三条主张中结合在一起的两个目标。
Joined by one interest, pursued by government and private initiative. · 由一个利益驱动，通过政府和私人倡议共同推进。
The first claim describes ongoing work, not an achieved condition. Americans sought to define the nation's democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them — the ideals are being defined, not simply applied, which is why suffrage, reform and antislavery all belong to the same project.
第一项主张描述的是持续进行的工作,不是一种已达成的状态。美国人力图界定这个国家的民主理想,并改变他们的社会与制度以与之相称——这些理想正在被界定,而不是被简单地应用,这正是选举权、改革与反奴隶制都属于同一项工程的原因。
Each condition of this context is something unit 3 left unfinished. · 此上下文的每个条件都是单元3未完成的。
A continuation rather than a fresh start. · 是一种延续而非重新开始。
The third claim has two objects
- Increasing foreign trade and expanding its national borders are separate aims joined by one interest.
- And the CED names government and private initiatives — expansion was not only a policy but an activity of citizens.
- That distinction runs through 4.4's Monroe Doctrine and 4.8's frontier settlers.
第三项主张有两个对象
- 扩大对外贸易与拓展国界是由同一种兴趣连接起来的两个不同目标。
- 而 CED 点出了政府与民间的举措——扩张不只是一项政策,也是公民的一种活动。
- 这一区分贯穿 4.4 的门罗主义与 4.8 的边疆定居者。
The CED names government and ____ initiatives in expansion. · CED指出了政府在扩张中的角色以及____的倡议。
Expansion was an activity of citizens, not only a policy. · 扩张是公民的活动，而不仅仅是一项政策。
Writing the context
- The objective is the context in which the republic developed from 1800 to 1848.
- Conditions: a constitution in force but unsettled in practice, a market revolution beginning, and a continent still contested.
- Each condition is a thing 3.13 left unfinished, which makes this context a continuation rather than a fresh start.
书写语境
- 这一目标是1800 至 1848 年间共和国得以发展的语境。
- 条件:一部已生效但在实践中尚未定型的宪法、一场正在开始的市场革命,以及一块仍在争夺中的大陆。
- 每一项条件都是 3.13 留下的未竟之事,这使这一语境成为一种延续,而不是一次全新的开始。
A country that keeps rewriting who may vote is not applying a settled definition of democracy; it is arguing about one. Every extension and every exclusion in this period is a move in that argument.
一个不断重写谁可以投票的国家,并不是在应用一个已经定型的民主定义;它是在争论这个定义。这一时期的每一次扩大与每一次排除,都是那场争论中的一步。
Unit 4 opens three claims: the United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation's democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them; innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities; and U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade and expanding its national borders shaped foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives.
第四单元开启三项主张:美国开始发展一种现代民主并颂扬一种新的民族文化,与此同时美国人力图界定这个国家的民主理想,并改变他们的社会与制度以与之相称;技术、农业与商业上的创新有力地加速了美国经济,催生了美国社会以及民族与地区认同上的深刻变化;以及美国对扩大对外贸易与拓展国界的兴趣塑造了外交政策,并推动了政府与民间的举措。