1.1 Contextualizing Period 1
| Learning Objective | Preview: Unit 1 Key Concepts |
|---|---|
Unit 1.A |
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1.2 Native American Societies Before European Contact
| Thematic Focus | Learning Objective | Historical Developments |
|---|---|---|
GEO | Unit 1.B |
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AP 美国历史
学习建议
AP 美国历史按九个时间段展开,从 1491 年之前的北美社会一直讲到当代。每个时期都由同一组主题线索贯穿:地理与环境、迁徙与定居、政治与权力、劳动与技术、美国与国家认同、美国与世界,以及社会结构。
这是一门关于论证的课,而不是关于记忆的课。需要掌握的史实是实实在在的,但题目要求你去*解释*:某一发展为什么会发生、什么发生了改变而什么保持不变、一件事如何导致另一件事。单纯记住一个年份本身并不得分。
把每个时期当作一条因果链来学,而不是一份清单。考试奖励那些能说清一项发展由何而来、又通向何处的学生。正因如此,每个时期最后都有一个关于因果、比较或延续与变化的专题。
练习用证据写作。自由作答题的答案由具体、有名有姓的证据和清晰的论证线索构成,写作部分考查的正是大学一年级历史课所要求的能力。
下面的笔记按 College Board 的课程框架逐个时期展开,并列出每个专题所依托的关键概念。
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1
第一时期：1491—1607
1.1 1.2
第一时期的时代背景
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来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
第一时期从 1491 年到 1607 年——从欧洲人到来的前夕,到詹姆斯敦建立。它的意义在于说明:欧洲人到来之前的美洲是什么样子,以及当三个世界相遇时发生了什么。
1491 年的北美有数百个各不相同的社会。它们之所以不同,是因为适应了不同的环境。CED 按区域将其分组:
- 在西南部,玉米(maize)种植自今墨西哥一带向北传播,支撑起定居生活、先进灌溉(advanced irrigation)以及更复杂的社会结构。
- 在大盆地与西部大平原,干旱条件造就了以流动性生活方式(mobile lifestyles)为主的社会。
- 在东北部、密西西比河谷以及大西洋沿岸,一些社会发展出农业与狩猎采集混合经济(mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies),有利于形成永久村落。
- 在西北部与今加利福尼亚,丰富的海洋资源使人们无需农耕也能形成定居社区。
需要把握的模式是适应(adaptation):环境塑造社会,而社会又反过来改造环境。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 maize 玉米 yù mǐ advanced irrigation 先进灌溉 xiān jìn guàn gài mobile lifestyles 流动性生活方式 liú dòng xìng shēng huó fāng shì mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies 农业与狩猎采集混合经济 nóng yè yǔ shòu liè cǎi jí hùn hé jīng jì adaptation 适应 shì yìng 1.3
欧洲人对美洲的探索
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1.3 European Exploration in the Americas
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments WOR
America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.Unit 1.C
Explain the causes of exploration and conquest of the New World by various European nations.- KC-1.2.I.A European nations’ efforts to explore and conquer the New World stemmed from a search for new sources of wealth, economic and military competition, and a desire to spread Christianity.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
欧洲人的探索由寻找新的财富来源(new sources of wealth)、开拓贸易路线以及传播基督教(Christianity)所驱动。西班牙与葡萄牙率先行动,西班牙在美洲的帝国随之建立。
有两项变化使远航成为可能:航海技术(maritime technology)的改进,以及更有组织的贸易融资方式,尤其是把一次航行的风险分摊给众多投资者的股份公司(joint-stock company)。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 new sources of wealth 新的财富来源 xīn de cái fù lái yuán Christianity 基督教 jī dū jiào maritime technology 航海技术 háng hǎi jì shù joint-stock company 股份公司 gǔ fèn gōng sī 1.4
哥伦布大交换、西班牙的探索与征服
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1.4 Columbian Exchange, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments GEO
Geography and the Environment — Geographic and environmental factors, including competition over and debates about natural resources, shape the development of America and foster regional diversity. The development of America impacts the environment and reshapes geography, which leads to debates about environmental and geographic issues.Unit 1.D
Explain causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effect on Europe and the Americas during the period after 1492.- KC-1.2.I.B The Columbian Exchange brought new crops to Europe from the Americas, stimulating European population growth, and new sources of mineral wealth, which facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism.
- KC-1.2.I.C Improvements in maritime technology and more organized methods for conducting international trade, such as joint-stock companies, helped drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas.
- KC-1.2.II.A Spanish exploration and conquest of the Americas were accompanied and furthered by widespread deadly epidemics that devastated native populations and by the introduction of crops and animals not found in the Americas.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
哥伦布大交换在两个方向上转移了作物、动物、人口与疾病,而两边的后果截然不同 哥伦布大交换(Columbian Exchange)是美洲与世界其他地区之间植物、动物、人口与疾病的相互转移。它是第一时期最重要的发展,因为此后几乎一切都由它而来。
向东流向欧洲的:玉米、马铃薯(potato)等美洲作物提高了营养水平,推动了欧洲人口增长(European population growth);美洲的白银(silver)重塑了全球贸易。
向西流向美洲的:欧洲的动物、作物,以及最具决定性的流行病(epidemic disease)。从未接触过这些病原的人群死亡率极高,这种人口锐减(demographic collapse)既伴随也促成了西班牙的征服。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 Columbian Exchange 哥伦布大交换 gē lún bù dà jiāo huàn potato 马铃薯 mǎ líng shǔ European population growth 欧洲人口增长 ōu zhōu rén kǒu zēng zhǎng silver 白银 bái yín epidemic disease 流行病 liú xíng bìng demographic collapse 人口锐减 rén kǒu ruì jiǎn 1.5
西班牙殖民体系中的劳动、奴隶制与种姓等级
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1.5 Labor, Slavery, and Caste in the Spanish Colonial System
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments SOC
Social Structures — Social categories, roles, and practices are created, maintained, challenged, and transformed throughout American history, shaping government policy, economic systems, culture, and the lives of citizens.Unit 1.E
Explain how the growth of the Spanish Empire in North America shaped the development of social and economic structures over time.- KC-1.2.II.B In the encomienda system, Spanish colonial economies marshaled Native American labor to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources.
- KC-1.2.II.C European traders partnered with some West African groups who practiced slavery to forcibly extract enslaved laborers for the Americas. The Spanish imported enslaved Africans to labor in plantation agriculture and mining.
- KC-1.2.II.D The Spanish developed a caste system that incorporated, and carefully defined the status of, the diverse population of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in their empire.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
西班牙建立起一套需要大量劳动力的经济,而它并没有这些劳动力。
委托监护制(encomienda system)授予西班牙殖民者从美洲原住民社群中索取劳动的权利,以支撑种植园农业与采矿(mining)。当这批劳动力随人口一同崩溃后,欧洲人转向他处:商人与某些已有奴隶制的西非群体合作,强行掳掠被奴役者,由此开启大西洋奴隶贸易(Atlantic slave trade)。
随后西班牙又把由此形成的社会正式加以组织。种姓等级制度(caste system)界定了每一群体——欧洲人、美洲原住民、非洲人以及混血人群——的身份地位,并按类别固定其权利与义务。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 encomienda system 委托监护制 wěi tuō jiān hù zhì mining 采矿 cǎi kuàng Atlantic slave trade 大西洋奴隶贸易 dà xī yáng nú lì mào yì caste system 种姓等级制度 zhǒng xìng děng jí zhì dù 1.6
欧洲人、美洲原住民与非洲人之间的文化互动
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1.6 Cultural Interactions Between Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments WOR
America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.Unit 1.F
Explain how and why European and Native American perspectives of others developed and changed in the period.- KC-1.2.III In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power.
- KC-1.2.III.A Mutual misunderstandings between Europeans and Native Americans often defined the early years of interaction and trade as each group sought to make sense of the other. Over time, Europeans and Native Americans adopted some useful aspects of each other’s culture.
- KC-1.2.III.B As European encroachments on Native Americans’ lands and demands on their labor increased, native peoples sought to defend and maintain their political sovereignty, economic prosperity, religious beliefs, and concepts of gender relations through diplomatic negotiations and military resistance.
- KC-1.2.III.C Extended contact with Native Americans and Africans fostered a debate among European religious and political leaders about how non-Europeans should be treated, as well as evolving religious, cultural, and racial justifications for the subjugation of Africans and Native Americans.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
欧洲人与美洲原住民在宗教、性别角色、家庭、土地使用与权力等问题上持有不同的世界观(divergent worldviews)。其中两种关于土地的观念尤其不可调和:欧洲的私有财产(private property)观念,与美洲原住民的共有使用制度。
早期岁月由相互误解(mutual misunderstanding)所主导。随着欧洲人对土地与劳动的索求不断增加,原住民以适应、结盟、贸易与武装冲突等方式抵抗(resisted)。
这场接触也在欧洲内部引发了争论。与美洲原住民和非洲人的长期接触,促成了欧洲宗教与政治领袖之间的辩论,议题是应如何对待非欧洲人、他们享有哪些权利——这场辩论既产生了为征服辩护的说辞,也产生了对征服的批评。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 divergent worldviews 不同的世界观 bù tóng de shì jiè guān private property 私有财产 sī yǒu cái chǎn mutual misunderstanding 相互误解 xiāng hù wù jiě resisted 抵抗 dǐ kàng 1.7
第一时期的因果关系
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1.7 Causation in Period 1
Learning Objective Review: Unit 1 Key Concepts Unit 1.G
Explain the effects of the development of transatlantic voyages from 1491 to 1607.- KC-1.1 As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments.
- KC-1.1.I Different native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure.
- KC-1.2 Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
- KC-1.2.I European expansion into the Western Hemisphere generated intense social, religious, political, and economic competition and changes within European societies.
- KC-1.2.II The Columbian Exchange and development of the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere resulted in extensive demographic, economic, and social changes.
- KC-1.2.III In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
关于第一时期的每一道 AP 题目,实质上都在考因果关系(causation)或时代背景(context)。
- 情境化(contextualization)是把某一发展置于产生它的更广阔环境之中。第一时期为后来几乎所有关于殖民的问题提供背景。
- 因果关系追问是什么带来了某种变化、由此又产生了什么。哥伦布大交换是全课程中最清晰的一条链条:疾病导致人口锐减,人口锐减造成劳动力短缺,劳动力短缺推动了大西洋奴隶贸易。
Worked example(一道真实的 AP 考题)。2023 年的长文章题为「评估跨大西洋贸易的增长在多大程度上改变了英属北美殖民地社会」*。第一时期并不是这道题的答案,但它能拿到开篇的情境化*分:*「跨大西洋贸易的增长源自 1492 年之后开启的哥伦布大交换,它把美洲、欧洲与西非连成一个大西洋体系,并确立了后来殖民地贸易所依赖的种植园农业与强制劳动。」*注意其结构:Evaluate the extent to which 要求论点对"程度"作出表态,而背景句必须与题干相扣,而不是单纯描述一个更早的时期。一段与题干无关的背景介绍拿不到分。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 causation 因果关系 yīn guǒ guān xì context 时代背景 shí dài bèi jǐng Contextualization 情境化 qíng jìng huà 1.7
考试技巧
- 第一时期篇幅虽短,却为后面的问题提供背景。要把它当作大西洋体系的起点来学,而不是一串年代。
- 最值得记住的因果链:疾病 → 人口锐减 → 劳动力短缺 → 委托监护制 → 大西洋奴隶贸易。
- 描述原住民社会时要点出具体区域。"美洲原住民从事农业"过于笼统;西南部、大盆地、东北部与西北部各有不同的适应方式。
- 把哥伦布大交换当作双向的过程。只写欧洲得到了什么的答案,漏掉了概念的一半。
- 委托监护制是一种劳动制度,而不是土地授予;西班牙的种姓等级制度是按血统界定的社会等级。
- 面对任何题目,先确定任务动词:describe、explain、compare,还是 evaluate the extent。它们的得分方式各不相同。
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2
第二时期：1607—1754
2.1 2.2
第二时期的时代背景
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2.1 Contextualizing Period 2
Learning Objective Preview: Unit 2 Key Concepts Unit 2.A
Explain the context for the colonization of North America from 1607 to 1754.- KC-2.1 Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled. They competed with each other and American Indians for resources.
- KC-2.1.I Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations.
- KC-2.1.II In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors.
- KC-2.1.III Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas.
- KC-2.2 The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain’s control.
- KC-2.2.I Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another.
- KC-2.2.II Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies.
2.2 European Colonization
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments MIG
Migration and Settlement — Push and pull factors shape immigration to and migration within America, and the demographic change as a result of these moves shapes the migrants, society, and the environment.Unit 2.B
Explain how and why various European colonies developed and expanded from 1607 to 1754.- KC-2.1.I.A Spanish efforts to extract wealth from the land led them to develop institutions based on subjugating native populations, converting them to Christianity, and incorporating them, along with enslaved and free Africans, into Spanish colonial society.
- KC-2.1.I.B French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and relied on trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to build economic and diplomatic relationships and acquire furs and other products for export to Europe.
- KC-2.1.I.C English colonization efforts attracted a comparatively large number of male and female British migrants, as well as other European migrants, all of whom sought social mobility, economic prosperity, religious freedom, and improved living conditions. These colonists focused on agriculture and settled on land taken from Native Americans, from whom they lived separately.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
第二时期从 1607 年到 1754 年——从詹姆斯敦建立到七年战争前夕。它的核心问题是:为什么欧洲各国的殖民地会变得如此不同。
每个帝国想要的东西不同,而这个目标决定了其余一切:
- 西班牙从土地中攫取财富,建立起以征服(subjugating)原住民为基础的制度——即第一时期延续下来的委托监护制。
- 法国与荷兰派出的欧洲人相对较少,主要依靠与美洲原住民的贸易同盟(trade alliances),尤其是毛皮(fur)贸易。
- 英国吸引了数量相对庞大的男女移民(male and female migrants),他们前来定居务农,而不只是攫取资源。
最后这一点差别最为关键。由于英国殖民者举家而来、渴望土地,他们排挤原住民而非与之贸易——这也使英国与原住民的关系比法国更为暴力。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 subjugating 征服 zhēng fú trade alliances 贸易同盟 mào yì tóng méng fur 毛皮 máo pí male and female migrants 男女移民 nán nǚ yí mín 2.3
英属殖民地的各个区域
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2.3 The Regions of British Colonies
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments GEO
Geography and the Environment — Geographic and environmental factors, including competition over and debates about natural resources, shape the development of America and foster regional diversity. The development of America impacts the environment and reshapes geography, which leads to debates about environmental and geographic issues.Unit 2.C
Explain how and why environmental and other factors shaped the development and expansion of various British colonies that developed and expanded from 1607 to 1754.- KC-2.1.II.A The Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco—a labor-intensive product initially cultivated by white, mostly male indentured servants and later by enslaved Africans.
- KC-2.1.II.B The New England colonies, initially settled by Puritans, developed around small towns with family farms and achieved a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce.
- KC-2.1.II.C The middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops and attracted a broad range of European migrants, leading to societies with greater cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity and tolerance.
- KC-2.1.II.D The colonies of the southern Atlantic coast and the British West Indies used long growing seasons to develop plantation economies based on exporting cash crops. They depended on the labor of enslaved Africans, who often constituted the majority of the population in these areas and developed their own forms of cultural and religious autonomy.
- KC-2.1.II.E Distance and Britain’s initially lax attention led to the colonies creating self-governing institutions that were unusually democratic for the era. The New England colonies based power in participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial legislatures; in the southern colonies, elite planters exercised local authority and also dominated the elected assemblies.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
四个区域,四种经济:地理决定作物,作物决定劳动制度,劳动制度决定社会形态 英属北美并非铁板一块,四个区域形成了各自不同的社会。
- 切萨皮克(Chesapeake)与北卡罗来纳依靠出口烟草(tobacco)致富,这是一种劳动密集型作物。劳动力最初来自契约仆役(indentured servants),后来越来越多地来自被奴役的非洲人。
- 新英格兰殖民地最初由清教徒(Puritans)定居,以小城镇与家庭农场(family farms)为中心发展,经济多元,人均寿命异常之长。
- 中部殖民地依托谷物(cereal crops)形成繁荣的出口经济,吸引了来源最广的欧洲移民,成为族群与宗教最为多元(ethnically and religiously diverse)的区域。
- 南部大西洋沿岸殖民地与英属西印度群岛利用漫长的生长季种植稻米(rice)与蔗糖(sugar),这些经济作物对劳动力的需求极大,以致某些地方被奴役的非洲人占了人口多数。
有一项政治特征是各区域共有的。由于远离伦敦,加上英国最初的松散管理(lax attention),殖民地建立起自治机构(self-governing institutions)——即后来塑造了反抗帝国控制的殖民地议会。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 Chesapeake 切萨皮克 qiè sà pí kè tobacco 烟草 yān cǎo indentured servants 契约仆役 qì yuē pú yì Puritans 清教徒 qīng jiào tú family farms 家庭农场 jiā tíng nóng chǎng cereal crops 谷物 gǔ wù ethnically and religiously diverse 族群与宗教多元 zú qún yǔ zōng jiào duō yuán rice 稻米 dào mǐ sugar 蔗糖 zhè táng lax attention 松散管理 sōng sǎn guǎn lǐ self-governing institutions 自治机构 zì zhì jī gòu 2.4
跨大西洋贸易
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2.4 Transatlantic Trade
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments WXT
Work, Exchange, and Technology — The interplay between markets, private enterprise, labor, technology, and government policy shape the American economy. In turn, economic activity shapes society and government policy and drives technological innovation.Unit 2.D
Explain causes and effects of transatlantic trade over time.- KC-2.1.III.A An Atlantic economy developed in which goods, as well as enslaved Africans and American Indians, were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas through extensive trade networks. European colonial economies focused on acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labor.
- KC-2.1.III.B Continuing trade with Europeans increased the flow of goods in and out of American Indian communities, stimulating cultural and economic changes and spreading epidemic diseases that caused radical demographic shifts.
- KC-2.2.I.C The British government increasingly attempted to incorporate its North American colonies into a coherent, hierarchical, and imperial structure in order to pursue mercantilist economic aims, but conflicts with colonists and American Indians led to erratic enforcement of imperial policies.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
大西洋经济(Atlantic economy)由此形成:货物——以及被奴役的非洲人和美洲原住民——在大洋沿岸各地之间流转。持续的贸易也增加了进出美洲原住民社群的商品流,使他们同样发生了改变。
从 17 世纪中期起,英国政府试图把殖民地纳入统一的帝国体系,其驱动力是重商主义(mercantilism)——即殖民地的存在是为了让母国富强这一信念。航海条例(Navigation Acts)要求殖民地贸易必须由英国船只经英国港口进行。
数十年间执行都很宽松,这一做法后来被称为有益的忽视(salutary neglect)。殖民者习惯了自由贸易与自我治理,这也正是 1763 年之后收紧规则会激起如此强烈愤怒的原因。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 Atlantic economy 大西洋经济 dà xī yáng jīng jì mercantilism 重商主义 zhòng shāng zhǔ yì Navigation Acts 航海条例 háng hǎi tiáo lì salutary neglect 有益的忽视 yǒu yì de hū shì 2.5
美洲原住民与欧洲人的互动
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2.5 Interactions Between American Indians and Europeans
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments WOR
America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.Unit 2.E
Explain how and why interactions between various European nations and American Indians changed over time.- KC-2.1.III.C Interactions between European rivals and American Indian populations fostered both accommodation and conflict. French, Dutch, British, and Spanish colonies allied with and armed American Indian groups, who frequently sought alliances with Europeans against other American Indian groups.
- KC-2.1.III.E British conflicts with American Indians over land, resources, and political boundaries led to military confrontations, such as Metacom’s War (King Philip’s War) in New England.
- KC-2.1.III.F American Indian resistance to Spanish colonizing efforts in North America, particularly after the Pueblo Revolt, led to Spanish accommodation of some aspects of American Indian culture in the Southwest.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
接触同时带来调适(accommodation)与冲突(conflict),而两者的比重因帝国和区域而异。
在贸易最重要的地方——新法兰西、荷兰的毛皮贸易——结盟与通婚很常见。在土地最重要的地方,随之而来的是冲突。英国的扩张导致围绕土地、资源与边界与美洲原住民持续发生军事冲突(military conflict)。
抵抗也采取了有组织的形式。1680 年的普韦布洛起义(Pueblo Revolt)把西班牙人赶出新墨西哥达十余年,并迫使西班牙政策发生长期改变——这是全课程中原住民抵抗取得成功的最清晰例证。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 accommodation 调适 tiáo shì conflict 冲突 chōng tū military conflict 军事冲突 jūn shì chōng tū Pueblo Revolt 普韦布洛起义 pǔ wéi bù luò qǐ yì 2.6
英属殖民地的奴隶制
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2.6 Slavery in the British Colonies
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments SOC
Social Structures — Social categories, roles, and practices are created, maintained, challenged, and transformed throughout American history, shaping government policy, economic systems, culture, and the lives of citizens.Unit 2.F
Explain the causes and effects of slavery in the various British colonial regions.- KC-2.2.II.A All the British colonies participated to varying degrees in the Atlantic slave trade due to the abundance of land and a growing European demand for colonial goods, as well as a shortage of indentured servants. Small New England farms used relatively few enslaved laborers, all port cities held significant minorities of enslaved people, and the emerging plantation systems of the Chesapeake and the southern Atlantic coast had large numbers of enslaved workers, while the great majority of enslaved Africans were sent to the West Indies.
- KC-2.2.II.B As chattel slavery became the dominant labor system in many southern colonies, new laws created a strict racial system that prohibited interracial relationships and defined the descendants of African American mothers as black and enslaved in perpetuity.
Unit 2.G
Explain how enslaved people responded to slavery.- KC-2.2.II.C Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing nature of slavery and maintain their family and gender systems, culture, and religion.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
所有英属殖民地都不同程度地参与了大西洋奴隶贸易,因为土地充裕而劳动力稀缺。
随着动产奴隶制(chattel slavery)成为许多南部殖民地的主导劳动制度,殖民地议会制定新法,建立起严格的种族制度(strict racial system)。奴隶身份变成世袭的、终身的,并以种族界定——这是一种法律结构,而不仅仅是一种习俗。
被奴役的非洲人发展出公开与隐蔽的反抗(overt and covert means of resistance)方式:逃跑与起义,以及维系家庭纽带、语言、宗教习俗与技艺。考试要求两类都要写到;只提起义的答案会漏掉大部分证据。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 chattel slavery 动产奴隶制 dòng chǎn nú lì zhì strict racial system 严格的种族制度 yán gé de zhǒng zú zhì dù overt and covert means of resistance 公开与隐蔽的反抗 gōng kāi yǔ yǐn bì de fǎn kàng 2.7
殖民地社会与文化
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2.7 Colonial Society and Culture
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments NAT
American and National Identity — The development of and debates about democracy, freedom, citizenship, diversity, and individualism shape American national identity, cultural values, and beliefs about American exceptionalism, and in turn, these ideas shape political institutions and society. Throughout American history, notions of national identity and culture have coexisted with varying degrees of regional and group identities.Unit 2.H
Explain how and why the movement of a variety of people and ideas across the Atlantic contributed to the development of American culture over time.- KC-2.2.I.A The presence of different European religious and ethnic groups contributed to a significant degree of pluralism and intellectual exchange, which were later enhanced by the first Great Awakening and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas.
- KC-2.2.I.B The British colonies experienced a gradual Anglicization over time, developing autonomous political communities based on English models with influence from intercolonial commercial ties, the emergence of a transatlantic print culture, and the spread of Protestant evangelicalism.
Unit 2.I
Explain how and why the different goals and interests of European leaders and colonists affected how they viewed themselves and their relationship with Britain.- KC-2.1.III.D The goals and interests of European leaders and colonists at times diverged, leading to a growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic. Colonists, especially in British North America, expressed dissatisfaction over issues including territorial settlements, frontier defense, self-rule, and trade.
- KC-2.2.I.D Colonists’ resistance to imperial control drew on local experiences of self-government, evolving ideas of liberty, the political thought of the Enlightenment, greater religious independence and diversity, and an ideology critical of perceived corruption in the imperial system.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
两种相反的过程同时进行。
走向多元:不同的欧洲宗教与族群群体并存,形成了显著的多元并存(pluralism),在中部殖民地表现得最为明显。
走向趋同:殖民地逐渐经历英国化(Anglicization),在采纳英国商品、印刷文化、法律规范与政治观念的同时,也发展出自主的政治共同体。
跨大西洋交流还带来了启蒙运动(Enlightenment),以及 18 世纪 30 至 40 年代的宗教复兴运动第一次大觉醒(First Great Awakening),它促使殖民者质疑既有权威——先是宗教权威,后来是政治权威。
欧洲领导人与殖民者的目标日益分歧(diverged),而殖民者对帝国控制的反抗,正是建立在自治的实际经验与不断演进的权利观念之上。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 pluralism 多元并存 duō yuán bìng cún Anglicization 英国化 yīng guó huà Enlightenment 启蒙运动 qǐ méng yùn dòng First Great Awakening 第一次大觉醒 dì yī cì dà jué xǐng diverged 分歧 fēn qí 2.8
第二时期的比较分析
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2.8 Comparison in Period 2
Learning Objective Review: Unit 2 Key Concepts Unit 2.J
Compare the effects of the development of colonial society in the various regions of North America.- KC-2.1 Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled. They competed with each other and American Indians for resources.
- KC-2.1.I Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations.
- KC-2.1.II In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors.
- KC-2.1.III Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas.
- KC-2.2 The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain’s control.
- KC-2.2.I Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another.
- KC-2.2.II Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
本单元以比较(comparison)收尾,这也是该时期着力培养的推理能力:各区域差异之大,使得几乎任何关于"殖民地"的整体论断都需要限定。
**Worked example(一道真实的 AP 考题)。**2025 年的试题在一道简答题的 A 问中要求:*「简要描述 1607 至 1753 年间英属北美的一项政治发展。」满分答案是一项具体、有名称、有时间定位的发展:「弗吉尼亚下议院等殖民地议会取得了对征税与开支的权力,使殖民者在 1754 年之前就获得了代议自治的实际经验。」*注意其结构:Briefly describe 要的是一项准确陈述的具体发展——不是罗列,不是评价,也不是一篇文章。此处的失分方式是就错误的内容写得太多,或者写得太空泛("殖民地变得更加独立")。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 comparison 比较 bǐ jiào 2.8
考试技巧
- 要答出区域差异背后的原因:地理决定作物,作物决定劳动制度,劳动制度决定社会形态。
- 千万不要把"殖民地"当成一个整体。比较题要的是新英格兰对比切萨皮克,并且两边都要有证据。
- 重商主义是理论,航海条例是政策,有益的忽视则是使日后严格执行显得像暴政的宽松执法。
- 谈奴隶制时,公开与隐蔽的反抗两者都要写;并指出奴隶法典使奴隶制变成种族性、世袭性的——这正是被考查的那项变化。
- 普韦布洛起义是原住民抵抗成功的首选例证;英国与原住民的冲突则是与法国贸易同盟形成对比的首选例证。
- 让答案与任务动词匹配。Briefly describe 只需一两句准确的话,而 Evaluate the extent 需要一个表明立场的论点。
- KC-2.1 Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled. They competed with each other and American Indians for resources.
-
3
第三时期：1754—1800
3.1 3.2
第三时期的时代背景
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3.1 Contextualizing Period 3
Learning Objective Preview: Unit 3 Key Concepts Unit 3.A
Explain the context in which America gained independence and developed a sense of national identity.- KC-3.1 British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial resolve to pursue self-government led to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War.
- KC-3.1.I The competition among the British, French, and American Indians for economic and political advantage in North America culminated in the Seven Years’ War (the French and Indian War), in which Britain defeated France and allied American Indians.
- KC-3.1.II The desire of many colonists to assert ideals of self-government in the face of renewed British imperial efforts led to a colonial independence movement and war with Britain.
- KC-3.2 The American Revolution’s democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government.
- KC-3.2.I The ideals that inspired the revolutionary cause reflected new beliefs about politics, religion, and society that had been developing over the course of the 18th century.
- KC-3.2.II After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence.
- KC-3.2.III.i New forms of national culture and political institutions developed in the United States alongside continued regional variations and differences over economic, political, social, and foreign policy issues.
- KC-3.3 Migration within North America and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified conflicts among peoples and nations.
- KC-3.3.I In the decades after American independence, interactions among different groups resulted in competition for resources, shifting alliances, and cultural blending.
- KC-3.3.II The continued presence of European powers in North America challenged the United States to find ways to safeguard its borders, maintain neutral trading rights, and promote its economic interests.
3.2 The Seven Years’ War (The French and Indian War)
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments WOR
America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.Unit 3.B
Explain the causes and effects of the Seven Years’ War (the French and Indian War).- KC-3.1.I.A Colonial rivalry intensified between Britain and France in the mid-18th century, as the growing population of the British colonies expanded into the interior of North America, threatening French–Indian trade networks and American Indian autonomy.
- KC-3.1.I.B Britain achieved a major expansion of its territorial holdings by defeating the French, but at tremendous expense, setting the stage for imperial efforts to raise revenue and consolidate control over the colonies.
- KC-3.1.I.C After the British victory, imperial officials’ attempts to prevent colonists from moving westward generated colonial opposition, while native groups sought to both continue trading with Europeans and resist the encroachments of colonists on tribal lands.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
第三时期从 1754 年到 1800 年——从七年战争爆发到约翰·亚当斯任期结束。它包含美国革命,但考试把革命当作一个结果,所以要从它的起因讲起。
18 世纪中期,随着殖民地人口不断向西推进,英法之间的殖民竞争加剧。七年战争(Seven Years' War)在北美又称法印战争(French and Indian War),终结了这场角逐。
英国获胜,由此直接产生三个后果:
- 领土大扩张(major expansion of territory)——法国被逐出北美大陆。
- 巨额战争债务(enormous war debt),英国认为殖民地应帮忙偿还。
- 限制西进,尤其是1763年公告线(Proclamation of 1763),本意是避免与美洲原住民发生代价高昂的冲突,却招致刚刚参战的殖民者不满,因为他们想要那片土地。
这正是考试想要的链条:胜利带来了债务与新领土,而管理这两者都需要对殖民地加强控制。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 Seven Years' War 七年战争 qī nián zhàn zhēng French and Indian War 法印战争 fǎ yìn zhàn zhēng major expansion of territory 领土大扩张 lǐng tǔ dà kuò zhāng enormous war debt 巨额战争债务 jù é zhàn zhēng zhài wù Proclamation of 1763 1763年公告线 1763 nián gōng gào xiàn 3.3
无代表不纳税
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3.3 Taxation Without Representation
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments WOR
America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.Unit 3.C
Explain how British colonial policies regarding North America led to the Revolutionary War.- KC-3.1.II.A The imperial struggles of the mid-18th century, as well as new British efforts to collect taxes without direct colonial representation or consent and to assert imperial authority in the colonies, began to unite the colonists against perceived and real constraints on their economic activities and political rights.
- KC-3.1.II.B Colonial leaders based their calls for resistance to Britain on arguments about the rights of British subjects, the rights of the individual, local traditions of self-rule, and the ideas of the Enlightenment.
- KC-3.1.II.C The effort for American independence was energized by colonial leaders such as Benjamin Franklin, as well as by popular movements that included the political activism of laborers, artisans, and women.
- KC-3.1.II.D In the face of economic shortages and the British military occupation of some regions, men and women mobilized in large numbers to provide financial and material support to the Patriot movement.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
英国在未经殖民地议会同意的情况下征税(collect taxes),并强化帝国权威,由此激起了有组织的反抗。
殖民地领袖的论据建立在英国臣民的权利(rights of British subjects)、启蒙思想(ideals of the Enlightenment),以及他们自身长期的自治经验之上——即第二时期建立起来的那些议会。
反抗不只停留在论辩层面。面对物资短缺以及某些地区的英军军事占领(military occupation),男女(men and women)都参与其中:抵制英货、自制家用品、群众行动与通讯委员会。富兰克林(Benjamin Franklin)等领袖为这场运动注入了活力,而这一时期的口号是**"无代表不纳税"**(no taxation without representation)。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 collect taxes 征税 zhēng shuì the rights of British subjects 英国臣民的权利 yīng guó chén mín de quán lì ideals of the Enlightenment 启蒙思想 qǐ méng sī xiǎng military occupation 军事占领 jūn shì zhàn lǐng Benjamin Franklin 富兰克林 fù lán kè lín "no taxation without representation" 无代表不纳税 wú dài biǎo bù nà shuì 3.4
美国革命的哲学基础
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3.4 Philosophical Foundations of the American Revolution
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments NAT
American and National Identity — The development of and debates about democracy, freedom, citizenship, diversity, and individualism shape American national identity, cultural values, and beliefs about American exceptionalism, and in turn, these ideas shape political institutions and society. Throughout American history, notions of national identity and culture have coexisted with varying degrees of regional and group identities.Unit 3.D
Explain how and why colonial attitudes about government and the individual changed in the years leading up to the American Revolution.- KC-3.2.I.A Enlightenment ideas and philosophy inspired many American political thinkers to emphasize individual talent over hereditary privilege, while religion strengthened Americans’ view of themselves as a people blessed with liberty.
- KC-3.2.I.B The colonists’ belief in the superiority of republican forms of government based on the natural rights of the people found expression in Thomas Paine’s Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence. The ideas in these documents resonated throughout American history, shaping Americans’ understanding of the ideals on which the nation was based.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
启蒙运动(Enlightenment)思想促使美国政治思想家强调才能重于世袭特权(individual talent over hereditary privilege),并主张人民的天赋权利(natural rights)与人民主权(sovereignty of the people)。
在论述题中最能发挥作用的是两个观念:
- 共和主义(republicanism)——政府建立在被统治者同意之上,公民必须以德行把公共利益置于私利之上。
- 天赋权利——先于政府而存在的权利,政府因保护这些权利而设立,侵犯这些权利即构成反抗的正当理由。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 individual talent over hereditary privilege 才能重于世袭特权 cái néng zhòng yú shì xí tè quán natural rights 天赋权利 tiān fù quán lì sovereignty of the people 人民主权 rén mín zhǔ quán Republicanism 共和主义 gòng hé zhǔ yì 3.5 3.6
美国革命
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3.5 The American Revolution
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments WOR
America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.Unit 3.E
Explain how various factors contributed to the American victory in the Revolution.- KC-3.1.II.E Despite considerable loyalist opposition, as well as Great Britain’s apparently overwhelming military and financial advantages, the Patriot cause succeeded because of the actions of colonial militias and the Continental Army, George Washington’s military leadership, the colonists’ ideological commitment and resilience, and assistance sent by European allies.
3.6 The Influence of Revolutionary Ideals
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments WOR
America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.Unit 3.F
Explain the various ways the American Revolution affected society.- KC-3.2.I.C During and after the American Revolution, an increased awareness of inequalities in society motivated some individuals and groups to call for the abolition of slavery and greater political democracy in the new state and national governments.
- KC-3.2.I.D In response to women’s participation in the American Revolution, Enlightenment ideas, and women’s appeals for expanded roles, an ideal of “republican motherhood” gained popularity. It called on women to teach republican values within the family and granted women a new importance in American political culture.
Unit 3.G
Describe the global impact of the American Revolution.- KC-3.2.I.E The American Revolution and the ideals set forth in the Declaration of Independence reverberated in France, Haiti, and Latin America, inspiring future independence movements.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
独立战争的胜利,来自殖民地的决心、复杂的地形,以及至关重要的外国援助(foreign assistance),尤其是法国的援助。
革命的理想随后传播得比其领袖预想的更远:
- 它推动了废奴运动(movements to abolish slavery),尤其在北方,并促成了渐进解放的法律。
- 它引发了关于妇女地位(status of women)的讨论,并体现为共和母亲身份(republican motherhood)的观念——妇女通过养育有德行的公民来塑造共和国。
- 它影响了大西洋世界其他地区后来的革命。
与此同时,奴隶制的扩张继续深入南方腹地及其毗邻的西部土地,而反奴隶制(antislavery)情绪也在上升——这一矛盾是全课程反复回到的主题。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 foreign assistance 外国援助 wài guó yuán zhù movements to abolish slavery 废奴运动 fèi nú yùn dòng status of women 妇女地位 fù nǚ dì wèi republican motherhood 共和母亲身份 gòng hé mǔ qīn shēn fèn antislavery 反奴隶制 fǎn nú lì zhì 3.7 3.8 3.9
邦联条例
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3.7 The Articles of Confederation
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments PCE
Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.Unit 3.H
Explain how different forms of government developed and changed as a result of the Revolutionary Period.- KC-3.2.II.A Many new state constitutions placed power in the hands of the legislative branch and maintained property qualifications for voting and citizenship.
- KC-3.2.II.B The Articles of Confederation unified the newly independent states, creating a central government with limited power. After the Revolution, difficulties over international trade, finances, interstate commerce, foreign relations, and internal unrest led to calls for a stronger central government.
- KC-3.3.I.C As settlers moved westward during the 1780s, Congress enacted the Northwest Ordinance for admitting new states; the ordinance promoted public education, the protection of private property, and a ban on slavery in the Northwest Territory.
3.8 The Constitutional Convention and Debates over Ratification
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments PCE
Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.Unit 3.I
Explain the differing ideological positions on the structure and function of the federal government.- KC-3.2.II.C.i Delegates from the states participated in the Constitutional Convention and through negotiation, collaboration, and compromise proposed a constitution.
- KC-3.2.II.D The Constitutional Convention compromised over the representation of slave states in Congress and the role of the federal government in regulating both slavery and the slave trade, allowing the prohibition of the international slave trade after 1808.
- KC-3.2.II.E In the debate over ratifying the Constitution, Anti-Federalists opposing ratification battled with Federalists, whose principles were articulated in the Federalist Papers (primarily written by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison). Federalists ensured the ratification of the Constitution by promising the addition of a Bill of Rights that enumerated individual rights and explicitly restricted the powers of the federal government.
3.9 The Constitution
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments PCE
Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.Unit 3.J
Explain the continuities and changes in the structure and functions of the government with the ratification of the Constitution.- KC-3.2.II.C.ii Delegates from the states participated in the Constitutional Convention that created a limited but dynamic central government embodying federalism and providing for a separation of powers between its three branches.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
宪法正是为修补一项项具体而明确的缺陷而制定的——每一行就是其中之一 宣布独立后,领袖们制定了体现共和理想的新宪法与权利宣言(constitutions and declarations of rights),普遍限制行政权力。
邦联条例(Articles of Confederation)有意设立了一个软弱的中央政府:无征税权、无贸易管理权、无行政首脑、无国家法院。它通过西北法令(Northwest Ordinance)成功组织了西部拓殖,却无法应对债务、贸易纠纷与骚乱。
1787 年的制宪会议(Constitutional Convention)建立起更强的国家政府,其基础是妥协(compromise),包括关于代表权的大妥协(Great Compromise),以及关于奴隶制与贸易的各项妥协。
批准(ratification)过程充满争议。联邦党人(Federalists)主张新政府既足够强大以进行治理,又受到足够制衡而不致危险;反联邦党人(Anti-Federalists)则担忧中央集权,要求保障个人自由,由此产生了权利法案(Bill of Rights)。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 constitutions and declarations of rights 宪法与权利宣言 xiàn fǎ yǔ quán lì xuān yán Articles of Confederation 邦联条例 bāng lián tiáo lì Northwest Ordinance 西北法令 xī běi fǎ lìng Constitutional Convention 制宪会议 zhì xiàn huì yì compromise 妥协 tuǒ xié Great Compromise 大妥协 dà tuǒ xié Ratification 批准 pī zhǔn Federalists 联邦党人 lián bāng dǎng rén Anti-Federalists 反联邦党人 fǎn lián bāng dǎng rén Bill of Rights 权利法案 quán lì fǎ àn 3.10 3.11
新共和国的塑造
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3.10 Shaping a New Republic
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments PCE
Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.Unit 3.K
Explain how and why competition intensified conflicts among peoples and nations from 1754 to 1800.- KC-3.3.II.A The U.S. government forged diplomatic initiatives aimed at dealing with the continued British and Spanish presence in North America, as U.S. settlers migrated beyond the Appalachians and sought free navigation of the Mississippi River.
- KC-3.3.II.B War between France and Britain resulting from the French Revolution presented challenges to the United States over issues of free trade and foreign policy and fostered political disagreement.
- KC-3.3.I.E The Spanish, supported by the bonded labor of the local American Indians, expanded their mission settlements into California; these provided opportunities for social mobility among soldiers and led to new cultural blending.
- KC-3.3.I.D An ambiguous relationship between the federal government and American Indian tribes contributed to problems regarding treaties and American Indian legal claims relating to the seizure of their lands.
Unit 3.L
Explain how and why political ideas, institutions, and party systems developed and changed in the new republic.- KC-3.2.III.A During the presidential administrations of George Washington and John Adams, political leaders created institutions and precedents that put the principles of the Constitution into practice.
- KC-3.2.III.B Political leaders in the 1790s took a variety of positions on issues such as the relationship between the national government and the states, economic policy, foreign policy, and the balance between liberty and order. This led to the formation of political parties— most significantly the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, and the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
- KC-3.3.II.C George Washington’s Farewell Address encouraged national unity, as he cautioned against political factions and warned about the danger of permanent foreign alliances.
3.11 Developing an American Identity
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments ARC
American and Regional Culture — Creative expression, demographic change, philosophy, religious beliefs, scientific ideas, social mores, and technology shape national, regional, and group cultures in America, and these varying cultures often play a role in shaping government policy and developing economic systems.Unit 3.M
Explain the continuities and changes in American culture from 1754 to 1800.- KC-3.2.III.ii New forms of national culture developed in the United States alongside continued regional variations.
- KC-3.2.III.D Ideas about national identity increasingly found expression in works of art, literature, and architecture.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
在华盛顿(George Washington)与亚当斯(John Adams)任内,政治领袖在联邦与各州的关系(relationship between the national and state governments)、经济政策与外交政策上分歧尖锐。这些分歧固化为第一政党体系(first party system)。
法国大革命(French Revolution)之后英法交战,迫使美国作出艰难抉择,政府也推行外交举措以应对英国与西班牙在北美的持续存在。华盛顿告别演说(Washington's Farewell Address)呼吁国家团结,并告诫要警惕党派纷争与永久性的外国同盟。
与此同时,一种独特的民族文化(national culture)在艺术、文学与建筑中形成,而区域差异依然存在。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 George Washington 华盛顿 huá shèng dùn John Adams 亚当斯 yà dāng sī relationship between the national and state governments 联邦与各州的关系 lián bāng yǔ gè zhōu de guān xì first party system 第一政党体系 dì yī zhèng dǎng tǐ xì French Revolution 法国大革命 fǎ guó dà gé mìng Washington's Farewell Address 华盛顿告别演说 huá shèng dùn gào bié yǎn shuō national culture 民族文化 mín zú wén huà 3.12
共和国早期的人口流动
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3.12 Movement in the Early Republic
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments SOC
Social Structures — Social categories, roles, and practices are created, maintained, challenged, and transformed throughout American history, shaping government policy, economic systems, culture, and the lives of citizens.Unit 3.N
Explain how and why migration and immigration to and within North America caused competition and conflict over time.- KC-3.3.I.A Various American Indian groups repeatedly evaluated and adjusted their alliances with Europeans, other tribes, and the United States, seeking to limit migration of white settlers and maintain control of tribal lands and natural resources. British alliances with American Indians contributed to tensions between the United States and Britain.
- KC-3.3.I.B As increasing numbers of migrants from North America and other parts of the world continued to move westward, frontier cultures that had emerged in the colonial period continued to grow, fueling social, political, and ethnic tensions.
Unit 3.O
Explain the continuities and changes in regional attitudes about slavery as it expanded from 1754 to 1800.- KC-3.2.III.C The expansion of slavery in the deep South and adjacent western lands and rising antislavery sentiment began to create distinctive regional attitudes toward slavery.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
美洲原住民群体随形势变化,不断重新评估并调整结盟(evaluated and adjusted their alliances),对象包括欧洲列强与新生的美国。
越来越多的移民西迁,加剧了对资源、边界与贸易(resources, boundaries, and trade)的争夺。联邦政府与原住民部落之间的关系始终含混不清(ambiguous),导致冲突反复发生。在西南部,西班牙在当地原住民的强制劳动支持下扩展其传教团体系(mission system)。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 evaluated and adjusted their alliances 重新评估并调整结盟 chóng xīn píng gū bìng tiáo zhěng jié méng resources, boundaries, and trade 资源、边界与贸易 zī yuán 、 biān jiè yǔ mào yì ambiguous 含混不清 hán hùn bù qīng mission system 传教团体系 chuán jiào tuán tǐ xì 3.13
第三时期的延续与变化
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3.13 Continuity and Change in Period 3
Learning Objective Review: Unit 3 Key Concepts Unit 3.P
Explain how the American independence movement affected society from 1754 to 1800.- KC-3.1 British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial resolve to pursue self-government led to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War.
- KC-3.1.I The competition among the British, French, and American Indians for economic and political advantage in North America culminated in the Seven Years’ War (the French and Indian War), in which Britain defeated France and allied American Indians.
- KC-3.1.II The desire of many colonists to assert ideals of self-government in the face of renewed British imperial efforts led to a colonial independence movement and war with Britain.
- KC-3.2 The American Revolution’s democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government.
- KC-3.2.I The ideals that inspired the revolutionary cause reflected new beliefs about politics, religion, and society that had been developing over the course of the 18th century.
- KC-3.2.II After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence.
- KC-3.2.III.i New forms of national culture and political institutions developed in the United States alongside continued regional variations and differences over economic, political, social, and foreign policy issues.
- KC-3.3 Migration within North America and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified conflicts among peoples and nations.
- KC-3.3.I In the decades after American independence, interactions among different groups resulted in competition for resources, shifting alliances, and cultural blending.
- KC-3.3.II The continued presence of European powers in North America challenged the United States to find ways to safeguard its borders, maintain neutral trading rights, and promote its economic interests.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
本时期考查的推理能力是延续与变化(continuity and change)。最好的答案会兼顾两者:政治制度发生了根本变化,而奴隶制、西进扩张以及与原住民的冲突则延续甚至加剧。
**Worked example(一道真实的 AP 考题)。**2025 年的试题在一道简答题的 B 问中要求:*「简要描述 1754 至 1765 年间七年战争的一项影响。」满分答案会点出一项影响,并显示它确实是"影响":「英国在战后背负巨额债务,促使议会对殖民地开征《印花税法》等新税,以支付帝国防务开支。」*注意其结构:describe one effect 需要把因果关系写出来,而不只是给出该时期的一个事实。"英国赢得了战争"是结果而非对后续的影响;"殖民者很愤怒"则过于笼统,无法得分。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 continuity and change 延续与变化 yán xù yǔ biàn huà 3.13
考试技巧
- 记住这条因果链:战争 → 债务与新领土 → 税收与1763年公告线 → 殖民地反抗 → 独立。
- 要点名共和主义与天赋权利这两个观念,不要只笼统地写"启蒙思想"。
- 谈宪法时,要从它所修补的具体缺陷入手论证——无征税权、无贸易管理权、无行政首脑。
- 分清联邦党人与反联邦党人的立场,并记住权利法案是换取批准的代价。
- 革命对奴隶制与妇女的影响都在考查范围内,而且都是局部的:理想传播的范围超过了权利实际扩展的范围。
- 面对"延续与变化"类题目,两方面各写一项。只罗列变化的答案只回答了一半。
- KC-3.1 British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial resolve to pursue self-government led to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War.
-
4
第四时期：1800—1848
4.1 4.2
第四时期的时代背景
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4.1 Contextualizing Period 4
Learning Objective Preview: Unit 4 Key Concepts Unit 4.A
Explain the context in which the republic developed from 1800 to 1848.- KC-4.1 The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them.
- KC-4.1.I The nation’s transition to a more participatory democracy was achieved by expanding suffrage from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white men, and it was accompanied by the growth of political parties.
- KC-4.1.II While Americans embraced a new national culture, various groups developed distinctive cultures of their own.
- KC-4.1.III Increasing numbers of Americans, many inspired by new religious and intellectual movements, worked primarily outside of government institutions to advance their ideals.
- KC-4.2 Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities.
- KC-4.2.I New transportation systems and technologies dramatically expanded manufacturing and agricultural production.
- KC-4.2.II The changes caused by the market revolution had significant effects on U.S. society, workers’ lives, and gender and family relations.
- KC-4.2.III Economic development shaped settlement and trade patterns, helping to unify the nation while also encouraging the growth of different regions.
- KC-4.3 The U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade and expanding its national borders shaped the nation’s foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives.
- KC-4.3.I Struggling to create an independent global presence, the United States sought to claim territory throughout the North American continent and promote foreign trade.
- KC-4.3.II The United States’ acquisition of lands in the West gave rise to contests over the extension of slavery into new territories.
4.2 The Rise of Political Parties and the Era of Jefferson
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments PCE
Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.Unit 4.B
Explain the causes and effects of policy debates in the early republic.- KC-4.1.I.A In the early 1800s, national political parties continued to debate issues such as the tariff, powers of the federal government, and relations with European powers.
- KC-4.1.I.B Supreme Court decisions established the primacy of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the Constitution and asserted that federal laws took precedence over state laws.
- KC-4.3.I.A.i Following the Louisiana Purchase, the U.S. government sought influence and control over North America through a variety of means, including exploration and diplomatic efforts.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
第四时期从 1800 年到 1848 年。三件事同时发生:民主扩大、经济转型、国土扩张——而每一件都加深了关于奴隶制的争论。
各政党继续就关税(tariff)、国家银行(bank)和内部改良(internal improvements,由联邦出资修建的道路与运河)展开辩论。这些争论的实质是:国家政府应当拥有多大权力。
最高法院解决了这一争论的一部分。其判决确立了司法至上(primacy of the judiciary),即由法院裁定宪法含义——也就是司法审查(judicial review)原则,并总体上强化了联邦对各州的权力。
扩张很早就开始了:路易斯安那购地(Louisiana Purchase)之后,政府力图对西部施加影响与控制,派出考察队并与原住民各族谈判。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 tariff 关税 guān shuì bank 银行 yín háng internal improvements 内部改良 nèi bù gǎi liáng primacy of the judiciary 司法至上 sī fǎ zhì shàng judicial review 司法审查 sī fǎ shěn chá Louisiana Purchase 路易斯安那购地 lù yì sī ān nà gòu dì 4.3 4.4
政治与区域利益
大纲
4.3 Politics and Regional Interests
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments PCE
Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.Unit 4.C
Explain how different regional interests affected debates about the role of the federal government in the early republic.- KC-4.1.I.D Regional interests often trumped national concerns as the basis for many political leaders’ positions on slavery and economic policy.
- KC-4.2.III.D Plans to further unify the U.S. economy, such as the American System, generated debates over whether such policies would benefit agriculture or industry, potentially favoring different sections of the country.
- KC-4.3.II.C Congressional attempts at political compromise, such as the Missouri Compromise, only temporarily stemmed growing tensions between opponents and defenders of slavery.
4.4 America on the World Stage
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments WOR
America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.Unit 4.D
Explain how and why American foreign policy developed and expanded over time.- KC-4.3.I Struggling to create an independent global presence, the United States sought to claim territory throughout the North American continent and promote foreign trade.
- KC-4.3.I.A.ii The U.S. government sought influence and control over the Western Hemisphere through a variety of means, including military actions, American Indian removal, and diplomatic efforts such as the Monroe Doctrine.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
随着国家扩张,区域利益(regional interests)出现分化。北方支持关税以保护制造业;南方反对关税,视之为对其出口的课税;西部则要求内部改良与廉价土地。这一时期几乎所有政治争端都可以放进这个三角关系。
在对外方面,美国努力确立独立的国际地位(independent global presence)。它打了1812年战争(War of 1812),扩大对外贸易,并在门罗主义(Monroe Doctrine)中宣布西半球不再接受欧洲的进一步殖民——这一主张远远超出了当时美国的实际实力。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 regional interests 区域利益 qū yù lì yì independent global presence 独立的国际地位 dú lì de guó jì dì wèi War of 1812 1812年战争 1812 nián zhàn zhēng Monroe Doctrine 门罗主义 mén luó zhǔ yì 4.5
市场革命:工业化
大纲
4.5 Market Revolution: Industrialization
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments WXT
Work, Exchange, and Technology — The interplay between markets, private enterprise, labor, technology, and government policy shape the American economy. In turn, economic activity shapes society and government policy and drives technological innovation.Unit 4.E
Explain the causes and effects of the innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce over time.- KC-4.2.I.A Entrepreneurs helped to create a market revolution in production and commerce, in which market relationships between producers and consumers came to prevail as the manufacture of goods became more organized.
- KC-4.2.I.B Innovations including textile machinery, steam engines, interchangeable parts, the telegraph, and agricultural inventions increased the efficiency of production methods.
- KC-4.2.I.C Legislation and judicial systems supported the development of roads, canals, and railroads, which extended and enlarged markets and helped foster regional interdependence. Transportation networks linked the North and Midwest more closely than they linked regions in the South.
- KC-4.2.III.B Increasing Southern cotton production and the related growth of Northern manufacturing, banking, and shipping industries promoted the development of national and international commercial ties.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
市场革命是一条链条,而不是一份清单:每一环都把上一环变成人们生活方式上的改变 新的交通体系(transportation systems)——道路、运河(canals,如伊利运河)、蒸汽船,以及随后的铁路(railroads)——连同新技术,极大地扩大了制造业与农业产出。
考试想要的是其中的机制。运输变便宜扩大了市场(markets);更广阔的市场使各区域得以专业化(specialise),各自生产最擅长的产品;专业化在贸易上把各区域捆在一起,同时又使它们在经济上彼此不同。
按区域来看的结果是:东北部出现工厂生产(factory production)与雇佣劳动,西部形成商业化农业(commercial farming),而南方则更加依赖由被奴役者种植的棉花(cotton)。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 transportation systems 交通体系 jiāo tōng tǐ xì canals 运河 yùn hé railroads 铁路 tiě lù markets 市场 shì chǎng specialise 专业化 zhuān yè huà factory production 工厂生产 gōng chǎng shēng chǎn commercial farming 商业化农业 shāng yè huà nóng yè cotton 棉花 mián huā 4.6
市场革命:社会与文化
大纲
4.6 Market Revolution: Society and Culture
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments SOC
Social Structures — Social categories, roles, and practices are created, maintained, challenged, and transformed throughout American history, shaping government policy, economic systems, culture, and the lives of citizens.Unit 4.F
Explain how and why innovation in technology, agriculture, and commerce affected various segments of American society over time.- KC-4.2.III.A Large numbers of international migrants moved to industrializing Northern cities, while many Americans moved west of the Appalachians, developing thriving new communities along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers.
- KC-4.2.II.B The growth of manufacturing drove a significant increase in prosperity and standards of living for some; this led to the emergence of a larger middle class and a small but wealthy business elite, but also to a large and growing population of laboring poor.
- KC-4.2.II.A Increasing numbers of Americans, especially women and men working in factories, no longer relied on semi-subsistence agriculture; instead they supported themselves producing goods for distant markets.
- KC-4.2.II.C Gender and family roles changed in response to the market revolution, particularly with the growth of definitions of domestic ideals that emphasized the separation of public and private spheres.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
市场革命改变的不只是生产什么,还有人们如何生活。
- 工作从家庭转移到工厂与办公场所,催生了日益壮大的中产阶级(middle class)和新的雇佣劳动者阶级(wage-earning working class)。
- 家庭与工作场所分离(separation of home and workplace)助长了一种把女性限定于家庭角色的意识形态,尽管当时许多女性在工厂中领取工资。
- 移民(immigration)大幅增加,尤其来自爱尔兰与德意志地区,既带来了更庞大的劳动力,也催生了有组织的排外主义(nativist)敌意。
- 城市化(urbanisation)加速,随之而来的还有各种社会问题。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 middle class 中产阶级 zhōng chǎn jiē jí wage-earning working class 雇佣劳动者阶级 gù yōng láo dòng zhě jiē jí separation of home and workplace 家庭与工作场所分离 jiā tíng yǔ gōng zuò chǎng suǒ fēn lí Immigration 移民 yí mín nativist 排外主义 pái wài zhǔ yì Urbanisation 城市化 chéng shì huà 4.7 4.8
民主的扩大
大纲
4.7 Expanding Democracy
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments PCE
Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.Unit 4.G
Explain the causes and effects of the expansion of participatory democracy from 1800 to 1848.- KC-4.1.I The nation’s transition to a more participatory democracy was achieved by expanding suffrage from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white men, and it was accompanied by the growth of political parties.
4.8 Jackson and Federal Power
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments PCE
Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.Unit 4.H
Explain the causes and effects of continuing policy debates about the role of the federal government from 1800 to 1848.- KC-4.1.I.C By the 1820s and 1830s, new political parties arose—the Democrats, led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whigs, led by Henry Clay— that disagreed about the role and powers of the federal government and issues such as the national bank, tariffs, and federally funded internal improvements.
- KC-4.3.I.B Frontier settlers tended to champion expansion efforts, while American Indian resistance led to a sequence of wars and federal efforts to control and relocate American Indian populations.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
向更具参与性的民主(more participatory democracy)的转变,是通过扩大选举权(suffrage)实现的——取消对白人男性的财产资格限制——并伴随新的竞选方式与群众性政党。
其局限与其扩展同样重要:这一扩大只惠及白人男性,而自由的非裔美国人在若干州于同一时期失去了投票权,女性则从未拥有。
杰克逊(Andrew Jackson)既体现也考验了这种新政治。他的任期内有对国家银行的斗争、围绕关税的废止危机(nullification crisis),以及印第安人迁移法(Indian Removal Act)——东南部各族被强制迁移,史称血泪之路(Trail of Tears)。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 more participatory democracy 更具参与性的民主 gèng jù cān yù xìng de mín zhǔ suffrage 选举权 xuǎn jǔ quán Andrew Jackson 杰克逊 jié kè xùn nullification crisis 废止危机 fèi zhǐ wēi jī Indian Removal Act 印第安人迁移法 yìn dì ān rén qiān yí fǎ Trail of Tears 血泪之路 xuè lèi zhī lù 4.9 4.10 4.11
美国文化的发展
大纲
4.9 The Development of an American Culture
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments ARC
American and Regional Culture — Creative expression, demographic change, philosophy, religious beliefs, scientific ideas, social mores, and technology shape national, regional, and group cultures in America, and these varying cultures often play a role in shaping government policy and developing economic systems.Unit 4.I
Explain how and why a new national culture developed from 1800 to 1848.- KC-4.1.II.B A new national culture emerged that combined American elements, European influences, and regional cultural sensibilities.
- KC-4.1.II.C Liberal social ideas from abroad and Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility influenced literature, art, philosophy, and architecture.
4.10 The Second Great Awakening
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments ARC
American and Regional Culture — Creative expression, demographic change, philosophy, religious beliefs, scientific ideas, social mores, and technology shape national, regional, and group cultures in America, and these varying cultures often play a role in shaping government policy and developing economic systems.Unit 4.J
Explain the causes of the Second Great Awakening.- KC-4.1.II.A.i The rise of democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, and changes to society caused by the market revolution, along with greater social and geographical mobility, contributed to a Second Great Awakening among Protestants.
4.11 An Age of Reform
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments ARC
American and Regional Culture — Creative expression, demographic change, philosophy, religious beliefs, scientific ideas, social mores, and technology shape national, regional, and group cultures in America, and these varying cultures often play a role in shaping government policy and developing economic systems.Unit 4.K
Explain how and why various reform movements developed and expanded from 1800 to 1848.- KC-4.1.II.A.ii The rise of democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, and changes to society caused by the market revolution, along with greater social and geographical mobility, contributed to a Second Great Awakening among Protestants that influenced moral and social reforms and inspired utopian and other religious movements.
- KC-4.1.III.A Americans formed new voluntary organizations that aimed to change individual behaviors and improve society through temperance and other reform efforts.
- KC-4.1.III.B.i Abolitionist and antislavery movements gradually achieved emancipation in the North, contributing to the growth of the free African American population, even as many state governments restricted African Americans’ rights.
- KC-4.3.II.B.i Antislavery movements increased in the North.
- KC-4.1.III.C A women’s rights movement sought to create greater equality and opportunities for women, expressing its ideals at the Seneca Falls Convention. Over time, arguments emerged over whether to narrow the goals to white women.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
民主与个人主义信念的兴起、对理性主义的反弹,以及市场革命带来的变化,共同催生了第二次大觉醒(Second Great Awakening),这是一场强调个人得救与人可臻于完善的宗教复兴浪潮。
这种信念又滋养了改革。美国人组建自愿团体(voluntary organizations),致力于改变个人行为与各种制度:
- 禁酒运动(temperance),以及监狱、收容院与学校改革。
- 废奴与反奴隶制运动(abolitionist and antislavery movements),它们在北方逐步实现了解放,并在全国范围内声势渐涨。
- 妇女权利运动(women's rights movement),争取更大的平等与机会,并在塞内卡福尔斯会议(Seneca Falls Convention)上表达其理想。
关于民族认同的观念越来越多地体现在艺术、文学与建筑(art, literature, and architecture)之中,而各群体也维系着各自独特的文化。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 Second Great Awakening 第二次大觉醒 dì èr cì dà jué xǐng voluntary organizations 自愿团体 zì yuàn tuán tǐ Temperance 禁酒运动 jìn jiǔ yùn dòng Abolitionist and antislavery movements 废奴与反奴隶制运动 fèi nú yǔ fǎn nú lì zhì yùn dòng women's rights movement 妇女权利运动 fù nǚ quán lì yùn dòng Seneca Falls Convention 塞内卡福尔斯会议 sāi nèi kǎ fú ěr sī huì yì art, literature, and architecture 艺术、文学与建筑 yì shù 、 wén xué yǔ jiàn zhù 4.12 4.13
共和国早期的非裔美国人
大纲
4.12 African Americans in the Early Republic
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments SOC
Social Structures — Social categories, roles, and practices are created, maintained, challenged, and transformed throughout American history, shaping government policy, economic systems, culture, and the lives of citizens.Unit 4.L
Explain the continuities and changes in the experience of African Americans from 1800 to 1848.- KC-4.1.III.B.ii Antislavery efforts in the South were largely limited to unsuccessful rebellions by enslaved people.
- KC-4.1.II.D Enslaved blacks and free African Americans created communities and strategies to protect their dignity and family structures, and they joined political efforts aimed at changing their status.
4.13 The Society of the South in the Early Republic
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments GEO
Geography and the Environment — Geographic and environmental factors, including competition over and debates about natural resources, shape the development of America and foster regional diversity. The development of America impacts the environment and reshapes geography, which leads to debates about environmental and geographic issues.Unit 4.M
Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of the South from 1800 to 1848.- KC-4.3.II.B.ii In the South, although the majority of Southerners owned no enslaved persons, most leaders argued that slavery was part of the Southern way of life.
- KC-4.2.III.C Southern business leaders continued to rely on the production and export of traditional agricultural staples, contributing to the growth of a distinctive Southern regional identity.
- KC-4.3.II.A As overcultivation depleted arable land in the Southeast, slaveholders began relocating their plantations to more fertile lands west of the Appalachians, where the institution of slavery continued to grow.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
南方的反奴隶制努力大体上限于被奴役者未能成功的起义(unsuccessful rebellions),而这些起义换来的是更严苛的法律与更严密的控制。
被奴役者与自由的非裔美国人创造出社群与策略(communities and strategies)来保护自己:家庭与亲属网络、宗教实践、音乐,以及隐蔽的反抗——这是第二时期模式的延续。
在南方,尽管多数南方人并不拥有奴隶,却大多支持这一制度。随着东南部可耕地因过度耕种而地力衰竭,奴隶主开始向西迁移(relocated westward),把奴隶制带入新的领地——这正是西进扩张之所以成为全国性危机而非区域性问题的原因。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 unsuccessful rebellions 未能成功的起义 wèi néng chéng gōng de qǐ yì communities and strategies 社群与策略 shè qún yǔ cè lüè relocated westward 向西迁移 xiàng xī qiān yí 4.14
第四时期的因果关系
大纲
4.14 Causation in Period 4
Learning Objective Review: Unit 4 Key Concepts Unit 4.N
Explain the extent to which politics, economics, and foreign policy promoted the development of American identity from 1800 to 1848.- KC-4.1 The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them.
- KC-4.1.I The nation’s transition to a more participatory democracy was achieved by expanding suffrage from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white men, and it was accompanied by the growth of political parties.
- KC-4.1.II While Americans embraced a new national culture, various groups developed distinctive cultures of their own.
- KC-4.1.III Increasing numbers of Americans, many inspired by new religious and intellectual movements, worked primarily outside of government institutions to advance their ideals.
- KC-4.2 Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities.
- KC-4.2.I New transportation systems and technologies dramatically expanded manufacturing and agricultural production.
- KC-4.2.II The changes caused by the market revolution had significant effects on U.S. society, workers’ lives, and gender and family relations.
- KC-4.2.III Economic development shaped settlement and trade patterns, helping to unify the nation while also encouraging the growth of different regions.
- KC-4.3 The U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade and expanding its national borders shaped the nation’s foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives.
- KC-4.3.I Struggling to create an independent global presence, the United States sought to claim territory throughout the North American continent and promote foreign trade.
- KC-4.3.II The United States’ acquisition of lands in the West gave rise to contests over the extension of slavery into new territories.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
本时期考查的推理能力是因果关系(causation)。最值得把握的链条是:市场革命与西进扩张是增长的引擎,而两者都推动了第五时期以战争收场的地区冲突。
**Worked example(一道真实的 AP 考题)。*2023 年的长文章题为「评估 1800 至 1855 年间商业发展在多大程度上改变了美国社会」。高分论点会对"程度"表态,并点明变化发生在哪些方面:「1800 至 1855 年间,商业发展在很大程度上改变了美国社会:它在北方造就了雇佣劳动者阶级与一个独立的中产阶级,并把西部纳入全国市场;不过在南方,它加深而非取代了原有的以奴隶制为基础的农业秩序。」*注意其结构:Evaluate the extent 奖励有限定的立场——"在很大程度上,不过……"——因为这种结构让文章能够使用正反两方面的证据。只说商业发展"改变很大"的论点无法展开论证。
4.14
考试技巧
- 把市场革命当作一条链条来学:交通 → 更广阔的市场 → 专业化 → 各异的区域经济 → 社会变化。
- 解释政治争端时要给出区域三角(北方、南方、西部);关税、银行与内部改良都能放进去。
- 民主的扩大只针对白人男性,而自由黑人男性在若干州反而失去了权利。写出这一点,才能把描述变成评价。
- 把第二次大觉醒与改革连接起来:复兴运动提供了"人与社会皆可臻于完善"的信念。
- 南方人的西迁之所以重要,是因为它把奴隶制带向西部,从而使扩张变成了全国性的核心冲突。
- 面对 Evaluate the extent 类题目,要给出有限定的立场。"在很大程度上,尽管……"正是评分标准所奖励的结构。
- KC-4.1 The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them.
-
5
第五时期：1844—1877
5.1 5.2 5.3
第五时期的时代背景
大纲
5.1 Contextualizing Period 5
Learning Objective Preview: Unit 5 Key Concepts Unit 5.A
Explain the context in which sectional conflict emerged from 1844 to 1877.- KC-5.1 The United States became more connected with the world, pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere, and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries.
- KC-5.1.I Popular enthusiasm for U.S. expansion, bolstered by economic and security interests, resulted in the acquisition of new territories, substantial migration westward, and new overseas initiatives.
- KC-5.1.II In the 1840s and 1850s, Americans continued to debate questions about rights and citizenship for various groups of U.S. inhabitants.
- KC-5.2 Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war.
- KC-5.2.I Ideological and economic differences over slavery produced an array of diverging responses from Americans in the North and the South.
- KC-5.2.II Debates over slavery came to dominate political discussion in the 1850s, culminating in the bitter election of 1860 and the secession of Southern states.
- KC-5.3 The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights.
- KC-5.3.I The North’s greater manpower and industrial resources, the leadership of Abraham Lincoln and others, and the decision to emancipate enslaved people eventually led to the Union military victory over the Confederacy in the devastating Civil War.
- KC-5.3.II.i Reconstruction and the Civil War ended slavery, altered relationships between the states and the federal government, and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities.
5.2 Manifest Destiny
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments GEO
Geography and the Environment — Geographic and environmental factors, including competition over and debates about natural resources, shape the development of America and foster regional diversity. The development of America impacts the environment and reshapes geography, which leads to debates about environmental and geographic issues.Unit 5.B
Explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877.- KC-5.1.I.A The desire for access to natural and mineral resources and the hope of many settlers for economic opportunities or religious refuge led to an increased migration to and settlement in the West.
- KC-5.1.I.B Advocates of annexing western lands argued that Manifest Destiny and the superiority of American institutions compelled the United States to expand its borders westward to the Pacific Ocean; however, this frequently provoked competition and violent conflict.
- KC-5.1.I.D Westward migration was boosted during and after the Civil War by the passage of new legislation promoting western transportation and economic development.
- KC-5.1.I.E U.S. interest in expanding trade led to economic, diplomatic, and cultural initiatives to create more ties with Asia.
5.3 The Mexican–American War
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments WOR
America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.Unit 5.C
Explain the causes and effects of the Mexican– American War.- KC-5.1.I.C The United States added large territories in the West through victory in the Mexican– American War and diplomatic negotiations, raising questions about the status of slavery, American Indians, and Mexicans in the newly acquired lands.
- KC-5.1.II.C U.S. government interaction and conflict with Mexican Americans and American Indians increased in regions newly taken from American Indians and Mexico, altering these groups’ economic self-sufficiency and cultures.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
第五时期从 1844 年到 1877 年。在这一时期,关于奴隶制的争论不再停留在政治层面,而变成了军事对抗。
扩张是导火索。对自然与矿产资源(natural and mineral resources)的渴求,以及定居者对土地的期望,推动美国人西进。鼓吹兼并的人以天定命运论(Manifest Destiny)为其辩护——宣称美国注定要、也足够优越到可以扩展至整个大陆。
美墨战争(Mexican-American War)为美国增添了西部的大片领土。此后,宅地法(Homestead Act)等战时立法进一步推动了移民,而扩大贸易的意图也催生了对外的经济与外交举措。
扩张同时意味着冲突。政府与墨西哥裔美国人(Mexican Americans)以及美洲原住民(American Indians)的往来,造成了土地被剥夺、抵抗,以及围绕土地与公民身份的新法律争端。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 natural and mineral resources 自然与矿产资源 zì rán yǔ kuàng chǎn zī yuán Manifest Destiny 天定命运论 tiān dìng mìng yùn lùn Mexican-American War 美墨战争 měi mò zhàn zhēng Homestead Act 宅地法 zhái dì fǎ Mexican Americans 墨西哥裔美国人 mò xī gē yì měi guó rén 5.4 5.5 5.6
1850年妥协案
大纲
5.4 The Compromise of 1850
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments NAT
American and National Identity — The development of and debates about democracy, freedom, citizenship, diversity, and individualism shape American national identity, cultural values, and beliefs about American exceptionalism, and in turn, these ideas shape political institutions and society. Throughout American history, notions of national identity and culture have coexisted with varying degrees of regional and group identities.Unit 5.D
Explain the similarities and differences in how regional attitudes affected federal policy in the period after the Mexican–American War.- KC-5.2.II.A The Mexican Cession led to heated controversies over whether to allow slavery in the newly acquired territories.
- KC-5.2.II.B.i The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the Compromise of 1850.
5.5 Sectional Conflict: Regional Differences
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments SOC
Social Structures — Social categories, roles, and practices are created, maintained, challenged, and transformed throughout American history, shaping government policy, economic systems, culture, and the lives of citizens.Unit 5.E
Explain the effects of immigration from various parts of the world on American culture from 1844 to 1877.- KC-5.1.II.A Substantial numbers of international migrants continued to arrive in the United States from Europe and Asia, mainly from Ireland and Germany, often settling in ethnic communities where they could preserve elements of their languages and customs.
- KC-5.1.II.B A strongly anti-Catholic nativist movement arose that was aimed at limiting new immigrants’ political power and cultural influence.
Unit 5.F
Explain how regional differences related to slavery caused tension in the years leading up to the Civil War.- KC-5.2.I.A The North’s expanding manufacturing economy relied on free labor in contrast to the Southern economy’s dependence on enslaved labor. Some Northerners did not object to slavery on principle but claimed that slavery would undermine the free labor market. As a result, a free-soil movement arose that portrayed the expansion of slavery as incompatible with free labor.
- KC-5.2.I.B African American and white abolitionists, although a minority in the North, mounted a highly visible campaign against slavery, presenting moral arguments against the institution, assisting escapes, and sometimes expressing a willingness to use violence to achieve their goals.
- KC-5.2.I.C Defenders of slavery based their arguments on racial doctrines, the view that slavery was a positive social good, and the belief that slavery and states’ rights were protected by the Constitution.
5.6 Failure of Compromise
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments PCE
Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.Unit 5.G
Explain the political causes of the Civil War.- KC-5.2.II.B.ii The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the Kansas–Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott decision, but these ultimately failed to reduce conflict.
- KC-5.2.II.C The Second Party System ended when the issues of slavery and anti-immigrant nativism weakened loyalties to the two major parties and fostered the emergence of sectional parties, most notably the Republican Party in the North.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
每一次妥协处理的都是领地上的奴隶制问题,而每一次破裂都使下一次的余地更小 获得土地迫使一个无法回避的问题浮现:**奴隶制是否会扩展到新领地?**每一次试图回答它,都产生了一个随后失效的临时安排。
- 1850年妥协案(Compromise of 1850)接纳加利福尼亚为自由州,同时包含严厉的逃奴法(Fugitive Slave Act),因要求北方公民参与执行而激怒北方。
- 人民主权原则(popular sovereignty)——由领地定居者自行决定——在堪萨斯带来的是暴力,而不是解决方案。
- 德雷德·斯科特案(Dred Scott decision)裁定国会不得在领地禁止奴隶制,从法律上取消了妥协这一选项。
意识形态与经济上的分歧,催生了对奴隶制分歧的回应(diverging responses),从废奴主义到把奴隶制辩护为"积极之善"的拥奴论。到 19 世纪 50 年代,奴隶制主导了政治讨论,摧毁了原有政党体系,并催生了新的共和党(Republican Party)。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 Compromise of 1850 1850年妥协案 1850 nián tuǒ xié àn Fugitive Slave Act 逃奴法 táo nú fǎ Popular sovereignty 人民主权原则 rén mín zhǔ quán yuán zé Dred Scott decision 德雷德·斯科特案 dé léi dé · sī kē tè àn diverging responses 分歧的回应 fēn qí de huí yìng Republican Party 共和党 gòng hé dǎng 5.7 5.8 5.9
1860年大选与南方脱离联邦
大纲
5.7 Election of 1860 and Secession
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments PCE
Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.Unit 5.H
Describe the effects of Lincoln’s election.- KC-5.2.II.D Abraham Lincoln’s victory on the Republicans’ free-soil platform in the presidential election of 1860 was accomplished without any Southern electoral votes. After a series of contested debates about secession, most slave states voted to secede from the Union, precipitating the Civil War.
5.8 Military Conflict in the Civil War
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments WOR
America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.Unit 5.I
Explain the various factors that contributed to the Union victory in the Civil War.- KC-5.3.I.A Both the Union and the Confederacy mobilized their economies and societies to wage the war even while facing considerable home front opposition.
- KC-5.3.I.D Although the Confederacy showed military initiative and daring early in the war, the Union ultimately succeeded due to improvements in leadership and strategy, key victories, greater resources, and the wartime destruction of the South’s infrastructure.
5.9 Government Policies During the Civil War
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments NAT
American and National Identity — The development of and debates about democracy, freedom, citizenship, diversity, and individualism shape American national identity, cultural values, and beliefs about American exceptionalism, and in turn, these ideas shape political institutions and society. Throughout American history, notions of national identity and culture have coexisted with varying degrees of regional and group identities.Unit 5.J
Explain how Lincoln’s leadership during the Civil War impacted American ideals over the course of the war.- KC-5.3.I.B Lincoln and most Union supporters began the Civil War to preserve the Union, but Lincoln’s decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation reframed the purpose of the war and helped prevent the Confederacy from gaining full diplomatic support from European powers. Many African Americans fled southern plantations and enlisted in the Union Army, helping to undermine the Confederacy.
- KC-5.3.I.C Lincoln sought to reunify the country and used speeches such as the Gettysburg Address to portray the struggle against slavery as the fulfillment of America’s founding democratic ideals.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
1860年大选(election of 1860)使林肯(Abraham Lincoln)以阻止奴隶制扩张为纲领上台。南方各州以脱离联邦(seceding)作为回应,战争随之爆发。
联邦获胜的原因在于更多的人力与工业资源(greater manpower and industrial resources)、林肯的领导,以及具有决定意义的解放黑奴宣言(Emancipation Proclamation)——它把这场战争变成一场反对奴隶制的战争,并使非裔美国人得以参军。
战时双方的政府政策都发生了变化:征兵、征税,以及联邦在经济中扮演更大角色。非裔美国人的军事服役,以及通过抵达联邦军防线而自我解放的被奴役者,同样影响了战争结局。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 election of 1860 1860年大选 1860 nián dà xuǎn Abraham Lincoln 林肯 lín kěn seceding 脱离联邦 tuō lí lián bāng greater manpower and industrial resources 更多的人力与工业资源 gèng duō de rén lì yǔ gōng yè zī yuán Emancipation Proclamation 解放黑奴宣言 jiě fàng hēi nú xuān yán 5.10
重建时期
大纲
5.10 Reconstruction
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments PCE
Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.Unit 5.K
Explain the effects of government policy during Reconstruction on society from 1865 to 1877.- KC-5.3.II.ii Reconstruction altered relationships between the states and the federal government and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities.
- KC-5.3.II.A The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, while the 14th and 15th amendments granted African Americans citizenship, equal protection under the laws, and voting rights.
- KC-5.3.II.B The women’s rights movement was both emboldened and divided over the 14th and 15th amendments to the Constitution.
- KC-5.3.II.C Efforts by radical and moderate Republicans to change the balance of power between Congress and the presidency and to reorder race relations in the defeated South yielded some short-term successes. Reconstruction opened up political opportunities and other leadership roles to formerly enslaved persons but it ultimately failed, due both to determined Southern resistance and the North’s waning resolve.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
重建时期(Reconstruction)试图解决三个问题:获得自由者的身份地位、南方各州重新加入联邦的条件,以及各州与联邦政府之间的权力平衡。
其宪法层面的成果是重建修正案(Reconstruction Amendments):
- 第十三修正案(13th Amendment)废除奴隶制。
- 第十四修正案(14th Amendment)赋予公民身份与平等保护。
- 第十五修正案(15th Amendment)禁止以种族为由剥夺投票权。
妇女权利运动因第十四与第十五修正案而既受鼓舞又出现分裂(emboldened and divided),因为这些修正案按种族扩展权利,却把"男性"一词写进了宪法。
激进派与温和派共和党人(radical and moderate Republicans)着力改变国会与总统之间的权力平衡,并通过自由民局、军事占领与各州新宪法来重塑南方社会。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 Reconstruction 重建时期 chóng jiàn shí qī Reconstruction Amendments 重建修正案 chóng jiàn xiū zhèng àn 13th Amendment 第十三修正案 dì shí sān xiū zhèng àn 14th Amendment 第十四修正案 dì shí sì xiū zhèng àn 15th Amendment 第十五修正案 dì shí wǔ xiū zhèng àn emboldened and divided 既受鼓舞又出现分裂 jì shòu gǔ wǔ yòu chū xiàn fēn liè Radical and moderate Republicans 激进派与温和派共和党人 jī jìn pài yǔ wēn hé pài gòng hé dǎng rén 5.11
重建的失败
大纲
5.11 Failure of Reconstruction
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments NAT
American and National Identity — The development of and debates about democracy, freedom, citizenship, diversity, and individualism shape American national identity, cultural values, and beliefs about American exceptionalism, and in turn, these ideas shape political institutions and society. Throughout American history, notions of national identity and culture have coexisted with varying degrees of regional and group identities.Unit 5.L
Explain how and why Reconstruction resulted in continuity and change in regional and national understandings of what it meant to be American.- KC-5.3.II.D Southern plantation owners continued to own the majority of the region’s land even after Reconstruction. Formerly enslaved persons sought land ownership but generally fell short of self-sufficiency, as an exploitative and soil-intensive sharecropping system limited blacks’ and poor whites’ access to land in the South.
- KC-5.3.II.E Segregation, violence, Supreme Court decisions, and local political tactics progressively stripped away African American rights, but the 14th and 15th amendments eventually became the basis for court decisions upholding civil rights in the 20th century.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
重建的成果被逆转,而考试要考的是其中的机制,而不仅是结果。
即使在解放之后,南方种植园主仍拥有该地区大部分土地(continued to own most of the region's land),因此获得自由的人只能进入分成租佃(sharecropping)之类的安排,结果是依附与债务,而非经济独立。
随后,种族隔离(segregation)、暴力(violence)、不利的最高法院判决(Supreme Court decisions)以及地方政治手段,逐步剥夺(stripped away)了非裔美国人已经获得的权利。其结果是一套延续到 20 世纪的法律与社会制度。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 continued to own most of the region's land 仍拥有该地区大部分土地 réng yōng yǒu gāi dì qū dà bù fèn tǔ dì sharecropping 分成租佃 fēn chéng zū diàn segregation 种族隔离 zhǒng zú gé lí violence 暴力 bào lì Supreme Court decisions 最高法院判决 zuì gāo fǎ yuàn pàn jué stripped away 逐步剥夺 zhú bù bō duó 5.12
第五时期的比较分析
大纲
5.12 Comparison in Period 5
Learning Objective Review: Unit 5 Key Concepts Unit 5.M
Compare the relative significance of the effects of the Civil War on American values.- KC-5.1 The United States became more connected with the world, pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere, and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries.
- KC-5.1.I Popular enthusiasm for U.S. expansion, bolstered by economic and security interests, resulted in the acquisition of new territories, substantial migration westward, and new overseas initiatives.
- KC-5.1.II In the 1840s and 1850s, Americans continued to debate questions about rights and citizenship for various groups of U.S. inhabitants.
- KC-5.2 Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war.
- KC-5.2.I Ideological and economic differences over slavery produced an array of diverging responses from Americans in the North and the South.
- KC-5.2.II Debates over slavery came to dominate political discussion in the 1850s, culminating in the bitter election of 1860 and the secession of Southern states.
- KC-5.3 The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights.
- KC-5.3.I The North’s greater manpower and industrial resources, the leadership of Abraham Lincoln and others, and the decision to emancipate enslaved people eventually led to the Union military victory over the Confederacy in the devastating Civil War.
- KC-5.3.II.i Reconstruction and the Civil War ended slavery, altered relationships between the states and the federal government, and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
本时期考查的推理能力是比较(comparison)。有用的比较包括:战前的北方与南方;重建的目标与其结果;以及非裔美国人在 1865 年与 1877 年的处境。
Worked example(一道真实的 AP 考题)。2023 年的长文章题为「评估 1865 至 1920 年间美国公民身份的定义在多大程度上发生了变化」。有力的论点会表明立场并承认那场逆转:「1865 至 1920 年间,公民身份的定义发生了实质性变化:第十四与第十五修正案确立了出生公民权,并禁止以种族设置投票障碍;然而到 1900 年,种族隔离、暴力与最高法院判决使这些定义对非裔美国人而言在实际中大打折扣。」*注意其结构:对于一个既扩展又逆转了权利的时期,论点必须同时把握法律上的变化与实践中的逆转*。只写修正案,等于只写了这个时期的一半。
5.12
考试技巧
- 扩张是地区危机的起因。1850 年以后的每一次妥协,都是在回答奴隶制能否扩张这一问题。
- 要点出机制,而不是气氛。"紧张加剧"不得分,而逃奴法、德雷德·斯科特案与流血的堪萨斯可以。
- 要写出解放黑奴宣言的战略作用:它重新定义了战争目的,并使黑人得以参军。
- 按各自的作用记住三条重建修正案;题目常常考它们之间的区别。
- 谈重建的失败时,要点出分成租佃、种族隔离、暴力与法院判决这四种机制。
- 面对比较题,两边都要展开。把一方写在从句里的答案只回答了一半。
- KC-5.1 The United States became more connected with the world, pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere, and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries.
-
6
第六时期：1865—1898
6.1 6.2 6.3
第六时期的时代背景
大纲
6.1 Contextualizing Period 6
Learning Objective Preview: Unit 6 Key Concepts Unit 6.A
Explain the historical context for the rise of industrial capitalism in the United States.- KC-6.1 Technological advances, large-scale production methods, and the opening of new markets encouraged the rise of industrial capitalism in the United States.
- KC-6.1.I Large-scale industrial production— accompanied by massive technological change, expanding international communication networks, and pro-growth government policies—generated rapid economic development and business consolidation.
- KC-6.1.II A variety of perspectives on the economy and labor developed during a time of financial panics and downturns.
- KC-6.1.III New systems of production and transportation enabled consolidation within agriculture, which, along with periods of instability, spurred a variety of responses from farmers.
- KC-6.2 The migrations that accompanied industrialization transformed both urban and rural areas of the United States and caused dramatic social and cultural change.
- KC-6.2.I International and internal migration increased urban populations and fostered the growth of a new urban culture.
- KC-6.2.II Larger numbers of migrants moved to the West in search of land and economic opportunity, frequently provoking competition and violent conflict.
- KC-6.3 The Gilded Age produced new cultural and intellectual movements, public reform efforts, and political debates over economic and social policies.
- KC-6.3.I New cultural and intellectual movements both buttressed and challenged the social order of the Gilded Age.
- KC-6.3.II Dramatic social changes in the period inspired political debates over citizenship, corruption, and the proper relationship between business and government.
6.2 Westward Expansion: Economic Development
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments MIG
Migration and Settlement — Push and pull factors shape immigration to and migration within America, and the demographic change as a result of these moves shapes the migrants, society, and the environment.Unit 6.B
Explain the causes and effects of the settlement of the West from 1877 to 1898.- KC-6.1.III.A Improvements in mechanization helped agricultural production increase substantially and contributed to declines in food prices.
- KC-6.1.III.B Many farmers responded to the increasing consolidation in agricultural markets and their dependence on the evolving railroad system by creating local and regional cooperative organizations.
- KC-6.1.I.A Following the Civil War, government subsidies for transportation and communication systems helped open new markets in North America.
- KC-6.2.II.A The building of transcontinental railroads, the discovery of mineral resources, and government policies promoted economic growth and created new communities and centers of commercial activity.
6.3 Westward Expansion: Social and Cultural Development
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments MIG
Migration and Settlement — Push and pull factors shape immigration to and migration within America, and the demographic change as a result of these moves shapes the migrants, society, and the environment.Unit 6.B
Explain the causes and effects of the settlement of the West from 1877 to 1898.- KC-6.2.II.B In hopes of achieving ideals of self-sufficiency and independence, migrants moved to both rural and boomtown areas of the West for opportunities, such as building the railroads, mining, farming, and ranching.
- KC-6.2.II.C As migrant populations increased in number and the American bison population was decimated, competition for land and resources in the West among white settlers, American Indians, and Mexican Americans led to an increase in violent conflict.
- KC-6.2.II.D The U.S. government violated treaties with American Indians and responded to resistance with military force, eventually confining American Indians to reservations and denying tribal sovereignty.
- KC-6.2.II.E Many American Indians preserved their cultures and tribal identities despite government policies promoting assimilation, and they attempted to develop self-sustaining economic practices.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
第六时期从 1865 年到 1898 年,即镀金时代(Gilded Age)。工业、移民与西部改变了这个国家,而每一次改变都引发一场关于谁受益的政治争论。
机械化(mechanization)的改进大幅提高了农业产量,铁路则把农产品运往全国乃至世界市场。但同样的力量也挤压着农民:农产品市场集中化(consolidation in agricultural markets)使他们面对高昂运费、昂贵信贷与不断下跌的农产品价格。
西进定居同时意味着美洲原住民被最终剥夺。联邦政策从条约转向保留地(reservations),再转向通过道斯法(Dawes Act)推行的同化(assimilation)——该法把公有土地分割为个人份地,并把剩余土地转让给定居者。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 Gilded Age 镀金时代 dù jīn shí dài mechanization 机械化 jī xiè huà consolidation in agricultural markets 农产品市场集中化 nóng chǎn pǐn shì chǎng jí zhōng huà reservations 保留地 bǎo liú dì assimilation 同化 tóng huà Dawes Act 道斯法 dào sī fǎ consolidation 合并 hé bìng 6.4 6.5 6.6
“新南方”
大纲
6.4 The “New South”
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments NAT
American and National Identity — The development of and debates about democracy, freedom, citizenship, diversity, and individualism shape American national identity, cultural values, and beliefs about American exceptionalism, and in turn, these ideas shape political institutions and society. Throughout American history, notions of national identity and culture have coexisted with varying degrees of regional and group identities.Unit 6.C
Explain how various factors contributed to continuity and change in the “New South” from 1877 to 1898.- KC-6.1.II.D Despite the industrialization of some segments of the Southern economy—a change promoted by Southern leaders who called for a “New South”—agriculture based on sharecropping and tenant farming continued to be the primary economic activity in the South.
- KC-6.3.II.C The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson that upheld racial segregation (known as Jim Crow) helped to mark the end of most of the political gains African Americans made during Reconstruction. Facing increased violence, discrimination, and scientific theories of race, African American reformers continued to fight for political and social equality.
6.5 Technological Innovation
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments WXT
Work, Exchange, and Technology — The interplay between markets, private enterprise, labor, technology, and government policy shape the American economy. In turn, economic activity shapes society and government policy and drives technological innovation.Unit 6.D
Explain the effects of technological advances in the development of the United States over time.- KC-6.1.I.B.i Businesses made use of technological innovations and greater access to natural resources to dramatically increase the production of goods.
6.6 The Rise of Industrial Capitalism
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments WXT
Work, Exchange, and Technology — The interplay between markets, private enterprise, labor, technology, and government policy shape the American economy. In turn, economic activity shapes society and government policy and drives technological innovation.Unit 6.E
Explain the socioeconomic continuities and changes associated with the growth of industrial capitalism from 1865 to 1898.- KC-6.1.I Large-scale industrial production— accompanied by massive technological change, expanding international communication networks, pro-growth government policies—generated rapid economic development and business consolidation.
- KC-6.1.I.B.ii Businesses made use of redesigned financial and management structures, advances in marketing, and a growing labor force to dramatically increase the production of goods.
- KC-6.1.I.D Many business leaders sought increased profits by consolidating corporations into large trusts and holding companies, which further concentrated wealth.
- KC-6.1.I.E.i Businesses increasingly looked outside U.S. borders in an effort to gain greater influence and control over markets and natural resources in the Pacific Rim, Asia, and Latin America.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
大规模工业生产伴随着巨大的技术变革,创造出惊人的产量,也造就了规模空前的企业。
- 新的公司组织形式(corporate structures)——托拉斯与控股公司——使合并(consolidation)成为可能,在某些行业接近垄断。
- 新的交通与通信网络,尤其是铁路,造就了真正意义上的全国市场。
- 企业领袖以自由放任(laissez-faire)论调为自身地位辩护:竞争促进增长,政府不应干预。
同一时期也带来不平等加剧(rising inequality)与反复出现的金融恐慌,这正是经济本身成为核心政治议题的原因。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 corporate structures 公司组织形式 gōng sī zǔ zhī xíng shì laissez-faire 自由放任 zì yóu fàng rèn rising inequality 不平等加剧 bù píng děng jiā jù 6.7
镀金时代的劳工
大纲
6.7 Labor in the Gilded Age
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments WXT
Work, Exchange, and Technology — The interplay between markets, private enterprise, labor, technology, and government policy shape the American economy. In turn, economic activity shapes society and government policy and drives technological innovation.Unit 6.E
Explain the socioeconomic continuities and changes associated with the growth of industrial capitalism from 1865 to 1898.- KC-6.1.I.C As the price of many goods decreased, workers’ real wages increased, providing new access to a variety of goods and services; many Americans’ standards of living improved, while the gap between rich and poor grew.
- KC-6.1.II.C Labor and management battled over wages and working conditions, with workers organizing local and national unions and/or directly confronting business leaders.
- KC-6.1.II.B.i The industrial workforce expanded and child labor increased.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
同一个经济,四种回应:每一方对问题的判断不同,给出的对策也不同 围绕经济与劳工出现了各种不同的立场(variety of perspectives)。工人面对超长工时、危险的作业条件,以及在经济下行时下滑的工资。
他们组织起来。劳工骑士团(Knights of Labor)与美国劳工联合会(American Federation of Labor)等工会在吸纳哪些人、争取什么目标上存在分歧——劳联专注于熟练工人以及工资与工时上的实际收益。罢工(strikes)频繁而规模庞大,并常被州或联邦武力镇压,而这本身又成为一场关于政府角色的争论。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 variety of perspectives 各种不同的立场 gè zhǒng bù tóng de lì chǎng Knights of Labor 劳工骑士团 láo gōng qí shì tuán American Federation of Labor 美国劳工联合会 měi guó láo gōng lián hé huì Strikes 罢工 bà gōng 6.8 6.9
镀金时代的移民与人口迁移
大纲
6.8 Immigration and Migration in the Gilded Age
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments MIG
Migration and Settlement — Push and pull factors shape immigration to and migration within America, and the demographic change as a result of these moves shapes the migrants, society, and the environment.Unit 6.F
Explain how cultural and economic factors affected migration patterns over time.- KC-6.1.II.B.ii The industrial workforce expanded and became more diverse through internal and international migration.
- KC-6.2.I.A As cities became areas of economic growth featuring new factories and businesses, they attracted immigrants from Asia and southern and eastern Europe, as well as African American migrants within and out of the South. Many migrants moved to escape poverty, religious persecution, and limited opportunities for social mobility in their home countries or regions.
- KC-6.2.I.B Urban neighborhoods based on particular ethnicities, races, and classes provided new cultural opportunities for city dwellers.
6.9 Responses to Immigration in the Gilded Age
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments MIG
Migration and Settlement — Push and pull factors shape immigration to and migration within America, and the demographic change as a result of these moves shapes the migrants, society, and the environment.Unit 6.G
Explain the various responses to immigration in the period over time.- KC-6.2.I.C Increasing public debates over assimilation and Americanization accompanied the growth of international migration. Many immigrants negotiated compromises between the cultures they brought and the culture they found in the United States.
- KC-6.3.I.A Social commentators advocated theories later described as Social Darwinism to justify the success of those at the top of the socioeconomic structure as both appropriate and inevitable.
- KC-6.3.II.B.i Many women, like Jane Addams, worked in settlement houses to help immigrants adapt to U.S. language and customs.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
国际与国内的人口迁移使城市人口增加,推动了城市(cities)的成长。
新移民越来越多地来自南欧与东欧(southern and eastern Europe),与此同时华人移民西部,并遭遇排华法案(Chinese Exclusion Act)——这是联邦首次按国籍作出的重大移民限制。
在权力分配极不均衡的城市里,政治机器(political machines)以工作、住房帮助与各种服务换取选票——以后世标准衡量是腐败的,但对许多移民而言,那是唯一实际可用的支持来源。
移民也激起有组织的敌意。排外主义(nativist)运动宣称新移民威胁工资、文化或自治。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 cities 城市 chéng shì southern and eastern Europe 南欧与东欧 nán ōu yǔ dōng ōu Chinese Exclusion Act 排华法案 pái huá fǎ àn political machines 政治机器 zhèng zhì jī qì 6.10 6.11
中产阶级的形成
大纲
6.10 Development of the Middle Class
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments SOC
Social Structures — Social categories, roles, and practices are created, maintained, challenged, and transformed throughout American history, shaping government policy, economic systems, culture, and the lives of citizens.Unit 6.H
Explain the causes of increased economic opportunity and its effects on society.- KC-6.2.I.E Corporations’ need for managers and for male and female clerical workers, as well as increased access to educational institutions, fostered the growth of a distinctive middle class. A growing amount of leisure time also helped expand consumer culture.
- KC-6.3.I.B Some business leaders argued that the wealthy had a moral obligation to help the less fortunate and improve society, as articulated in the idea known as the Gospel of Wealth, and they made philanthropic contributions that enhanced educational opportunities and urban environments.
6.11 Reform in the Gilded Age
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments SOC
Social Structures — Social categories, roles, and practices are created, maintained, challenged, and transformed throughout American history, shaping government policy, economic systems, culture, and the lives of citizens.Unit 6.I
Explain how different reform movements responded to the rise of industrial capitalism in the Gilded Age.- KC-6.3.I.C A number of artists and critics, including agrarians, utopians, socialists, and advocates of the Social Gospel, championed alternative visions for the economy and U.S. society.
- KC-6.3.II.B.ii Many women sought greater equality with men, often joining voluntary organizations, going to college, and promoting social and political reform.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
公司对管理人员(managers)以及男女文职人员(clerical workers)的需求,壮大了一个新的中产阶级(middle class),并带来新的消费与休闲方式。
文化与思想运动既支持又挑战(buttressed and challenged)既有社会秩序:
- 社会达尔文主义(Social Darwinism)借用进化论语言,把不平等说成自然结果。
- 财富福音(Gospel of Wealth)主张富人负有把财富用于公益的道德义务(moral obligation)。
- 农本主义者、乌托邦主义者、社会主义者与艺术家则从另一个方向批判工业社会。
- 许多女性争取更大的平等,常常通过自愿团体(voluntary organizations)——禁酒、睦邻之家与争取选举权的工作。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 managers 管理人员 guǎn lǐ rén yuán clerical workers 文职人员 wén zhí rén yuán middle class 中产阶级 zhōng chǎn jiē jí buttressed and challenged 既支持又挑战 jì zhī chí yòu tiǎo zhàn Social Darwinism 社会达尔文主义 shè huì dá ěr wén zhǔ yì Gospel of Wealth 财富福音 cái fù fú yīn moral obligation 道德义务 dào dé yì wù voluntary organizations 自愿团体 zì yuàn tuán tǐ 6.12 6.13
镀金时代关于政府角色的争论
大纲
6.12 Controversies over the Role of Government in the Gilded Age
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments PCE
Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.Unit 6.J
Explain continuities and changes in the role of the government in the U.S. economy.- KC-6.1.II.A Some argued that laissez-faire policies and competition promoted economic growth in the long run, and they opposed government intervention during economic downturns.
- KC-6.1.I.E.ii Foreign policymakers increasingly looked outside U.S. borders in an effort to gain greater influence and control over markets and natural resources in the Pacific Rim, Asia, and Latin America.
6.13 Politics in the Gilded Age
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments PCE
Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.Unit 6.K
Explain the similarities and differences between the political parties during the Gilded Age.- KC-6.1.III.C Economic instability inspired agrarian activists to create the People’s (Populist) Party, which called for a stronger governmental role in regulating the American economic system.
- KC-6.3.II.A The major political parties appealed to lingering divisions from the Civil War and contended over tariffs and currency issues, even as reformers argued that economic greed and self-interest had corrupted all levels of government.
- KC-6.2.I.D In an urban atmosphere where the access to power was unequally distributed, political machines thrived, in part by providing immigrants and the poor with social services.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
两大政党诉诸内战遗留的分歧,并在政治分肥(patronage)上的竞争多于在政策上的竞争,由此形成选情胶着而立法有限的局面。
经济动荡促使农本主义活动家组建人民党(People's (Populist) Party),要求政府采取行动:管制铁路、改革币制、开征累进所得税。民粹主义作为政党失败了,却把"政府应当干预经济"这一主张摆上了议程——这正是第七时期接手的争论。
关于公民身份(citizenship)、种族与政府角色的辩论贯穿其间,而重建时期承诺的权利仍在不断被收窄。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 patronage 政治分肥 zhèng zhì fēn féi People's (Populist) Party 人民党 rén mín dǎng citizenship 公民身份 gōng mín shēn fèn 6.14
第六时期的延续与变化
大纲
6.14 Continuity and Change Period 6
Learning Objective Review: Unit 6 Key Concepts Unit 6.L
Explain the extent to which industrialization brought change from 1865 to 1898.- KC-6.1 Technological advances, large-scale production methods, and the opening of new markets encouraged the rise of industrial capitalism in the United States.
- KC-6.1.I Large-scale industrial production— accompanied by massive technological change, expanding international communication networks, and pro-growth government policies—generated rapid economic development and business consolidation.
- KC-6.1.II A variety of perspectives on the economy and labor developed during a time of financial panics and downturns.
- KC-6.1.III New systems of production and transportation enabled consolidation within agriculture, which, along with periods of instability, spurred a variety of responses from farmers.
- KC-6.2 The migrations that accompanied industrialization transformed both urban and rural areas of the United States and caused dramatic social and cultural change.
- KC-6.2.I International and internal migration increased urban populations and fostered the growth of a new urban culture.
- KC-6.2.II Larger numbers of migrants moved to the West in search of land and economic opportunity, frequently provoking competition and violent conflict.
- KC-6.3 The Gilded Age produced new cultural and intellectual movements, public reform efforts, and political debates over economic and social policies.
- KC-6.3.I New cultural and intellectual movements both buttressed and challenged the social order of the Gilded Age.
- KC-6.3.II Dramatic social changes in the period inspired political debates over citizenship, corruption, and the proper relationship between business and government.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
本时期考查的推理能力是延续与变化。工业化改变了人们居住的地方与从事的工作,而不平等、内战遗留的党派忠诚与种族排斥则依然延续。
Worked example(一道真实的 AP 考题)。2025 年的长文章题要求「评估 1865 年之后经济变化在多大程度上影响了美国社会」。有力的论点会点明这些变化以及它们对不同群体的不同影响:「1865 年后,经济变化在很大程度上重塑了美国社会,造就了城市工业工人阶级与领薪的中产阶级;但其收益分配极不均衡,以致农民与产业工人组织起来在政治上加以反对。」*注意其结构:点明谁*受到了不同的影响,才使文章得以就"程度"展开论证,而不只是描述增长。
6.14
考试技巧
- 解释农民的不满要用机制:运费、信贷与下跌的农产品价格——而不是"农民日子难过"。
- 把镀金时代的四种回应区分清楚:自由放任、社会达尔文主义、财富福音,以及有组织的劳工与民粹主义。
- 谈移民时,要点出移民来源转向南欧与东欧,以及作为首个按国籍限制移民的联邦法律的排华法案。
- 政治机器既是腐败也是社会供给,两者都在考查范围内。两面都写出来,才能体现复杂性。
- 民粹主义的意义不在于胜选,而在于把政府干预摆上了议程。
- 面对"延续与变化"题,要点出一项具体的延续。种族排斥与财富不均在此最为稳妥。
- KC-6.1 Technological advances, large-scale production methods, and the opening of new markets encouraged the rise of industrial capitalism in the United States.
-
7
第七时期：1890—1945
7.1 7.2 7.3
第七时期的时代背景
大纲
7.1 Contextualizing Period 7
Learning Objective Preview: Unit 7 Key Concepts Unit 7.A
Explain the context in which America grew into its role as a world power.- KC-7.1 Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to reform U.S. society and its economic system.
- KC-7.1.I The United States continued its transition from a rural, agricultural economy to an urban, industrial economy led by large companies.
- KC-7.1.II In the Progressive Era of the early 20th century, Progressives responded to political corruption, economic instability, and social concerns by calling for greater government action and other political and social measures.
- KC-7.1.III During the 1930s, policymakers responded to the mass unemployment and social upheavals of the Great Depression by transforming the U.S. into a limited welfare state, redefining the goals and ideas of modern American liberalism.
- KC-7.2 Innovations in communications and technology contributed to the growth of mass culture, while significant changes occurred in internal and international migration patterns.
- KC-7.2.I Popular culture grew in influence in U.S. society, even as debates increased over the effects of culture on public values, morals, and American national identity.
- KC-7.2.II Economic pressures, global events, and political developments caused sharp variations in the numbers, sources, and experiences of both international and internal migrants.
- KC-7.3 Participation in a series of global conflicts propelled the United States into a position of international power while renewing domestic debates over the nation’s proper role in the world.
- KC-7.3.I In the late 19th century and early 20th century, new U.S. territorial ambitions and acquisitions in the Western Hemisphere and the Pacific accompanied heightened public debates over America’s role in the world.
- KC-7.3.II World War I and its aftermath intensified ongoing debates about the nation’s role in the world and how best to achieve national security and pursue American interests.
- KC-7.3.III U.S. participation in World War II transformed American society, while the victory of the United States and its allies over the Axis powers vaulted the U.S. into a position of global, political, and military leadership.
7.2 Imperialism: Debates
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments WOR
America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.Unit 7.B
Explain the similarities and differences in attitudes about the nation’s proper role in the world.- KC-7.3.I.A Imperialists cited economic opportunities, racial theories, competition with European empires, and the perception in the 1890s that the western frontier was “closed” to argue that Americans were destined to expand their culture and institutions to peoples around the globe.
- KC-7.3.I.B Anti-imperialists cited principles of self-determination and invoked both racial theories and the U.S. foreign policy tradition of isolationism to argue that the United States should not extend its territory overseas.
7.3 The Spanish–American War
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments WOR
America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.Unit 7.C
Explain the effects of the Spanish–American War.- KC-7.3.I.C The American victory in the Spanish–American War led to the U.S. acquisition of island territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific, an increase in involvement in Asia, and the suppression of a nationalist movement in the Philippines.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
第七时期从 1890 年到 1945 年,是篇幅最长、内容最密的一个时期。三条线索贯穿其中:联邦在经济中的权力扩张、大众文化的兴起及其引发的争论,以及美国走向世界强国。
新的领土野心(territorial ambitions)源自对市场的追求、海军战略,以及关于国家使命的信念。美西战争(Spanish-American War)的胜利为美国带来海外属地,也引发了一场真正的争论。
帝国主义之争(imperialism debate)是考点所在:支持者以市场、战略基地与"文明教化使命"为由;反对者则认为,统治未经其同意的人民有悖建国原则,另有一些人从种族或经济角度反对。有力的答案必须写出双方立场。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 territorial ambitions 领土野心 lǐng tǔ yě xīn Spanish-American War 美西战争 měi xī zhàn zhēng imperialism debate 帝国主义之争 dì guó zhǔ yì zhī zhēng 7.4
进步主义者
大纲
7.4 The Progressives
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments GEO
Geography and the Environment — Geographic and environmental factors, including competition over and debates about natural resources, shape the development of America and foster regional diversity. The development of America impacts the environment and reshapes geography, which leads to debates about environmental and geographic issues.Unit 7.D
Compare the goals and effects of the Progressive reform movement.- KC-7.1.II.A Some Progressive Era journalists attacked what they saw as political corruption, social injustice, and economic inequality, while reformers, often from the middle and upper classes and including many women, worked to effect social changes in cities and among immigrant populations.
- KC-7.1.II.D The Progressives were divided over many issues. Some Progressives supported Southern segregation, while others ignored its presence. Some Progressives advocated expanding popular participation in government, while others called for greater reliance on professional and technical experts to make government more efficient. Progressives also disagreed about immigration restriction.
- KC-7.1.II.B On the national level, Progressives sought federal legislation that they believed would effectively regulate the economy, expand democracy, and generate moral reform. Progressive amendments to the Constitution dealt with issues such as prohibition and women’s suffrage.
Unit 7.E
Compare attitudes toward the use of natural resources from 1890 to 1945.- KC-7.1.II.C Preservationists and conservationists both supported the establishment of national parks while advocating different government responses to the overuse of natural resources.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
美国继续从乡村农业经济向城市工业化(urban, industrial)经济转型,而进步主义者(Progressives)则回应随之而来的种种问题。
进步主义是一股广泛的改革潮流,而非单一纲领,但其方法是一致的:
- 运用专业知识与证据(expertise and evidence)诊断社会问题——揭黑记者与社会调查的工作。
- 运用政府加以解决:对食品药品、劳动条件与垄断进行管制。
- 改革政治本身(political reform):直接初选、创制与复决、参议员直选。
其局限同样在考查范围内。进步主义改革在很大程度上把非裔美国人排除在外,部分进步主义者甚至支持种族隔离与移民限制。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 urban, industrial 城市工业化 chéng shì gōng yè huà Progressives 进步主义者 jìn bù zhǔ yì zhě expertise and evidence 专业知识与证据 zhuān yè zhī shí yǔ zhèng jù politics itself 政治改革 zhèng zhì gǎi gé reform 改革 gǎi gé 7.5 7.6
第一次世界大战:军事与外交
大纲
7.5 World War I: Military and Diplomacy
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments WOR
America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.Unit 7.F
Explain the causes and consequences of U.S. involvement in World War I.- KC-7.3.II.A After initial neutrality in World War I, the nation entered the conflict, departing from the U.S. foreign policy tradition of noninvolvement in European affairs, in response to Woodrow Wilson’s call for the defense of humanitarian and democratic principles.
- KC-7.3.II.B Although the American Expeditionary Forces played a relatively limited role in combat, the United States’ entry helped to tip the balance of the conflict in favor of the Allies.
- KC-7.3.II.C Despite Wilson’s deep involvement in postwar negotiations, the U.S. Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.
7.6 World War I: Home Front
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments MIG
Migration and Settlement — Push and pull factors shape immigration to and migration within America, and the demographic change as a result of these moves shapes the migrants, society, and the environment.Unit 7.G
Explain the causes and effects of international and internal migration patterns over time.- KC-7.2.I.C Official restrictions on freedom of speech grew during World War I, as increased anxiety about radicalism led to a Red Scare and attacks on labor activism and immigrant culture.
- KC-7.2.II.A.i Immigration from Europe reached its peak in the years before World War I. During World War I, nativist campaigns against some ethnic groups led to the passage of quotas that restricted immigration, particularly from southern and eastern Europe, and increased barriers to Asian immigration.
- KC-7.2.II.B.i The increased demand for war production and labor during World War I led many Americans to migrate to urban centers in search of economic opportunities.
- KC-7.2.II.C In the Great Migration during and after World War I, African Americans escaping segregation, racial violence, and limited economic opportunity in the South moved to the North and West, where they found new opportunities but still encountered discrimination.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
参加第一次世界大战(First World War)动员了经济、扩大了联邦权力,但也加剧了关于国家世界角色的争论,以及国内围绕公民自由的争论——异见在战时受到起诉。
战争引发了大迁徙(Great Migration):非裔美国人北上从事战时工业工作,重塑了北方城市与政治。
战后美国推行单边外交政策(unilateral foreign policy)——拒绝加入国际联盟,同时在经济上继续与外部世界深度往来。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 First World War 第一次世界大战 dì yí cì shì jiè dà zhàn Great Migration 大迁徙 dà qiān xǐ unilateral foreign policy 单边外交政策 dān biān wài jiāo zhèng cè 7.7 7.8
20世纪20年代:通信与技术革新
大纲
7.7 1920s: Innovations in Communication and Technology
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments WXT
Work, Exchange, and Technology — The interplay between markets, private enterprise, labor, technology, and government policy shape the American economy. In turn, economic activity shapes society and government policy and drives technological innovation.Unit 7.H
Explain the causes and effects of the innovations in communication and technology in the United States over time.- KC-7.1.I.A New technologies and manufacturing techniques helped focus the U.S. economy on the production of consumer goods, contributing to improved standards of living, greater personal mobility, and better communications systems.
- KC-7.2.I.A New forms of mass media, such as radio and cinema, contributed to the spread of national culture as well as greater awareness of regional cultures.
7.8 1920s: Cultural and Political Controversies
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments ARC
American and Regional Culture — Creative expression, demographic change, philosophy, religious beliefs, scientific ideas, social mores, and technology shape national, regional, and group cultures in America, and these varying cultures often play a role in shaping government policy and developing economic systems.Unit 7.G
Explain the causes and effects of international and internal migration patterns over time.- KC-7.1.I.B By 1920, a majority of the U.S. population lived in urban centers, which offered new economic opportunities for women, international migrants, and internal migrants.
- KC-7.2.II.A.ii After World War I, nativist campaigns against some ethnic groups led to the passage of quotas that restricted immigration, particularly from southern and eastern Europe, and increased barriers to Asian immigration.
Unit 7.I
Explain the causes and effects of developments in popular culture in the United States over time.- KC-7.2.I.B Migration gave rise to new forms of art and literature that expressed ethnic and regional identities, such as the Harlem Renaissance movement.
- KC-7.2.I.D In the 1920s, cultural and political controversies emerged as Americans debated gender roles, modernism, science, religion, and issues related to race and immigration.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
通信与技术的革新——广播、电影、大发行量杂志与汽车——推动了大众文化(mass culture)的成长,并日益塑造全国性的审美趣味。
同一个十年也产生了关于国家应当成为什么样子的尖锐分歧(sharp divisions):
- 以原籍国配额制推行的移民限制(immigration restriction)。
- 围绕宗教与科学以及禁酒令(prohibition)的冲突。
- 死灰复燃的三K党(Ku Klux Klan)与有组织的排外主义。
- 作为新文化身份宣示的哈莱姆文艺复兴(Harlem Renaissance)与"新女性"。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 mass culture 大众文化 dà zhòng wén huà sharp divisions 尖锐分歧 jiān ruì fēn qí Immigration restriction 移民限制 yí mín xiàn zhì prohibition 禁酒令 jìn jiǔ lìng Ku Klux Klan 三K党 sān K dǎng Harlem Renaissance 哈莱姆文艺复兴 hā lái mǔ wén yì fù xīng 7.9 7.10
大萧条
大纲
7.9 The Great Depression
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments WXT
Work, Exchange, and Technology — The interplay between markets, private enterprise, labor, technology, and government policy shape the American economy. In turn, economic activity shapes society and government policy and drives technological innovation.Unit 7.J
Explain the causes of the Great Depression and its effects on the economy.- KC-7.1.I The United States continued its transition from a rural, agricultural economy to an urban, industrial economy led by large companies.
- KC-7.1.I.C Episodes of credit and market instability in the early 20th century, in particular the Great Depression, led to calls for a stronger financial regulatory system.
- KC-7.1.III During the 1930s, policymakers responded to the mass unemployment and social upheavals of the Great Depression by transforming the U.S. into a limited welfare state, redefining the goals and ideas of modern American liberalism.
7.10 The New Deal
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments PCE
Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.Unit 7.K
Explain how the Great Depression and the New Deal impacted American political, social, and economic life over time.- KC-7.1.III.A Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal attempted to end the Great Depression by using government power to provide relief to the poor, stimulate recovery, and reform the American economy.
- KC-7.1.III.B Radical, union, and populist movements pushed Roosevelt toward more extensive efforts to change the American economic system, while conservatives in Congress and the Supreme Court sought to limit the New Deal’s scope.
- KC-7.1.III.C Although the New Deal did not end the Depression, it left a legacy of reforms and regulatory agencies and fostered a long-term political realignment in which many ethnic groups, African Americans, and working-class communities identified with the Democratic Party.
- KC-7.2.II.B.ii The increased demand for war production and labor during World War II and the economic difficulties of the 1930s led many Americans to migrate to urban centers in search of economic opportunities.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
把新政各项计划按目的分为救济、复苏、改革,才能把一份清单变成一个论证 大萧条(Great Depression)带来大规模失业与社会失序,决策者的回应是扩大联邦在经济中的角色。
罗斯福新政(Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal)试图通过救济(relief)、复苏(recovery)与改革(reform)结束大萧条。激进派、工会与民粹运动(radical, union, and populist movements)推动罗斯福采取更大力度的措施——这正是"第二次新政"比第一次更为进取的原因。
CED 给出的结论很直白:新政并未结束大萧条,但留下了持久的改革遗产——社会保障、联邦存款保险、劳工权利,以及"政府应对经济安全负责"这一期待。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 Great Depression 大萧条 dà xiāo tiáo Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal 罗斯福新政 luó sī fú xīn zhèng relief 救济 jiù jì recovery 复苏 fù sū Radical, union, and populist movements 激进派、工会与民粹运动 jī jìn pài 、 gōng huì yǔ mín cuì yùn dòng 7.11 7.12 7.13
两次大战之间的外交政策
大纲
7.11 Interwar Foreign Policy
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments WOR
America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.Unit 7.B
Explain the similarities and differences in attitudes about the nation’s proper role in the world.- KC-7.3.II.D In the years following World War I, the United States pursued a unilateral foreign policy that used international investment, peace treaties, and select military intervention to promote a vision of international order, even while maintaining U.S. isolationism.
- KC-7.3.II.E In the 1930s, while many Americans were concerned about the rise of fascism and totalitarianism, most opposed taking military action against the aggression of Nazi Germany and Japan until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor drew the United States into World War II.
7.12 World War II: Mobilization
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments SOC
Social Structures — Social categories, roles, and practices are created, maintained, challenged, and transformed throughout American history, shaping government policy, economic systems, culture, and the lives of citizens.Unit 7.L
Explain how and why U.S. participation in World War II transformed American society.- KC-7.3.III.B The mass mobilization of American society helped end the Great Depression, and the country’s strong industrial base played a pivotal role in winning the war by equipping and provisioning allies and millions of U.S. troops.
- KC-7.3.III.C.i Mobilization provided opportunities for women and minorities to improve their socioeconomic positions for the war’s duration, while also leading to debates over racial segregation. Wartime experiences also generated challenges to civil liberties, such as the internment of Japanese Americans.
- KC-7.2.II.D Migration to the United States from Mexico and elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere increased, in spite of contradictory government policies toward Mexican immigration.
7.13 World War II: Military
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments WOR
America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.Unit 7.M
Explain the causes and effects of the victory of the United States and its allies over the Axis powers.- KC-7.3.III.A Americans viewed the war as a fight for the survival of freedom and democracy against fascist and militarist ideologies. This perspective was later reinforced by revelations about Japanese wartime atrocities, Nazi concentration camps, and the Holocaust.
- KC-7.3.III.C.ii Military service provided opportunities for women and minorities to improve their socioeconomic positions for the war’s duration, while also leading to debates over racial segregation.
- KC-7.3.III.D The United States and its allies achieved military victory through Allied cooperation, technological and scientific advances, the contributions of servicemen and women, and campaigns such as Pacific “island-hopping” and the D-Day invasion. The use of atomic bombs hastened the end of the war and sparked debates about the morality of using atomic weapons.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
美国人把这场战争视为一场为自由与民主的存续(survival of freedom and democracy)而对抗法西斯侵略的战斗。
全面动员(mass mobilization)帮助结束了大萧条,也改变了社会:
- 动员与兵役为妇女与少数族裔(women and minorities)提供了改善处境的机会,尽管仍处在持续的种族隔离与歧视之中。
- 来自墨西哥及西半球其他地区的移民增加,以满足劳动力需求。
- 日裔美国人遭到强制拘禁(interned),这是本时期战时权利被剥夺的最明显案例。
胜利来自盟国合作(Allied cooperation)、工业产能与技术优势,并以对日本使用原子武器告终。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 survival of freedom and democracy 自由与民主的存续 zì yóu yǔ mín zhǔ de cún xù Mass mobilization 全面动员 quán miàn dòng yuán women and minorities 妇女与少数族裔 fù nǚ yǔ shǎo shù zú yì interned 拘禁 jū jìn Allied cooperation 盟国合作 méng guó hé zuò 7.14
战后外交
大纲
7.14 Postwar Diplomacy
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments WOR
America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.Unit 7.N
Explain the consequences of U.S. involvement in World War II.- KC-7.3.III.E The war-ravaged condition of Asia and Europe, and the dominant U.S. role in the Allied victory and postwar peace settlements, allowed the United States to emerge from the war as the most powerful nation on Earth.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
亚洲与欧洲饱受战火摧残,而美国在盟国胜利及随后的占领中居于主导地位,这使美国成为世界上最强大的国家——并为第八时期开篇的美苏对抗埋下伏笔。
7.15
第七时期的比较分析
大纲
7.15 Comparison in Period 7
Learning Objective Review: Unit 7 Key Concepts Unit 7.O
Compare the relative significance of the major events of the first half of the 20th century in shaping American identity.- KC-7.1 Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to reform U.S. society and its economic system.
- KC-7.1.I The United States continued its transition from a rural, agricultural economy to an urban, industrial economy led by large companies.
- KC-7.1.II In the Progressive Era of the early 20th century, Progressives responded to political corruption, economic instability, and social concerns by calling for greater government action and other political and social measures.
- KC-7.1.III During the 1930s, policymakers responded to the mass unemployment and social upheavals of the Great Depression by transforming the U.S. into a limited welfare state, redefining the goals and ideas of modern American liberalism.
- KC-7.2 Innovations in communications and technology contributed to the growth of mass culture, while significant changes occurred in internal and international migration patterns.
- KC-7.2.I Popular culture grew in influence in U.S. society, even as debates increased over the effects of culture on public values, morals, and American national identity.
- KC-7.2.II Economic pressures, global events, and political developments caused sharp variations in the numbers, sources, and experiences of both international and internal migrants.
- KC-7.3 Participation in a series of global conflicts propelled the United States into a position of international power while renewing domestic debates over the nation’s proper role in the world.
- KC-7.3.I In the late 19th century and early 20th century, new U.S. territorial ambitions and acquisitions in the Western Hemisphere and the Pacific accompanied heightened public debates over America’s role in the world.
- KC-7.3.II World War I and its aftermath intensified ongoing debates about the nation’s role in the world and how best to achieve national security and pursue American interests.
- KC-7.3.III U.S. participation in World War II transformed American society, while the victory of the United States and its allies over the Axis powers vaulted the U.S. into a position of global, political, and military leadership.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
本时期考查的推理能力是比较。最有用的一组对比是进步时代的改革与新政:两者都扩大了联邦权力,但新政的规模远为庞大,且是对经济崩溃而非对增长作出的回应。
Worked example(一道真实的 AP 考题)。2024 年的长文章题为「评估 1917 至 1945 年间关于美国所受威胁的观念在多大程度上塑造了社会」。有力的论点会点明这些观念以及它们所造成的结果:「1917 至 1945 年间,关于内外威胁的观念在很大程度上塑造了美国社会:它带来战时对异见的限制、20 世纪 20 年代的移民配额,以及对日裔美国人的拘禁;与此同时,同样的恐惧也动员了对联邦权力的广泛支持。」*注意其结构:题干问的是观念*,因此证据必须是观念所造成的东西——政策与社会变化——而不是把两次战争复述一遍。
7.15
考试技巧
- 帝国主义之争要写出双方;只写一方的答案没有抓住题目的要点。
- 进步主义是一套方法——先专业调查,再政府行动,再政治改革。它把非裔美国人排除在外这一点也在考查范围内。
- 把新政各项计划按救济、复苏、改革分类。这一结构能把清单变成论证。
- 直接给出 CED 的结论:新政并未结束大萧条,却留下了永久性的遗产。
- 战时为妇女与少数族裔带来的机会既真实又有限。两面都写,才能体现复杂性。
- 面对 1917 至 1945 年关于恐惧或威胁的题目,用公民自由、移民配额与拘禁作为证据。
- KC-7.1 Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to reform U.S. society and its economic system.
-
8
第八时期：1945—1980
8.1 8.2
第八时期的时代背景
大纲
8.1 Contextualizing Period 8
Learning Objective Preview: Unit 8 Key Concepts Unit 8.A
Explain the context for societal change from 1945 to 1980.- KC-8.1 The United States responded to an uncertain and unstable postwar world by asserting and working to maintain a position of global leadership, with far-reaching domestic and international consequences.
- KC-8.1.I United States policymakers engaged in a cold war with the authoritarian Soviet Union, seeking to limit the growth of Communist military power and ideological influence, create a free-market global economy, and build an international security system.
- KC-8.1.II Cold War policies led to public debates over the power of the federal government and acceptable means for pursuing international and domestic goals while protecting civil liberties.
- KC-8.2 New movements for civil rights and liberal efforts to expand the role of government generated a range of political and cultural responses.
- KC-8.2.I Seeking to fulfill Reconstruction-era promises, civil rights activists and political leaders achieved some legal and political successes in ending segregation, although progress toward racial equality was slow.
- KC-8.2.II Responding to social conditions and the African American civil rights movement, a variety of movements emerged that focused on issues of identity, social justice, and the environment.
- KC-8.2.III Liberalism influenced postwar politics and court decisions, but it came under increasing attack from the left as well as from a resurgent conservative movement.
- KC-8.3 Postwar economic and demographic changes had far-reaching consequences for American society, politics, and culture.
- KC-8.3.I Rapid economic and social changes in American society fostered a sense of optimism in the postwar years.
- KC-8.3.II New demographic and social developments, along with anxieties over the Cold War, changed U.S. culture and led to significant political and moral debates that sharply divided the nation.
8.2 The Cold War from 1945 to 1980
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments WOR
America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.Unit 8.B
Explain the continuities and changes in Cold War policies from 1945 to 1980.- KC-8.1.I United States policymakers engaged in a cold war with the authoritarian Soviet Union, seeking to limit the growth of Communist military power and ideological influence, create a free-market global economy, and build an international security system.
- KC-8.1.I.A As postwar tensions dissolved the wartime alliance between Western democracies and the Soviet Union, the United States developed a foreign policy based on collective security, international aid, and economic institutions that bolstered non-Communist nations.
- KC-8.1.I.B.i Concerned by expansionist Communist ideology and Soviet repression, the United States sought to contain communism through a variety of measures, including major military engagements in Korea.
- KC-8.1.I.C The Cold War fluctuated between periods of direct and indirect military confrontation and periods of mutual coexistence (or détente).
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
第八时期从 1945 年到 1980 年。两场争论主导了它:美国在海外应在多大程度上遏制共产主义,以及联邦政府在国内应在多大程度上保障权利与福利。二者相互关联,因为它们都是关于国家权力边界的争论。
冷战(Cold War)始于战时合作破裂、美苏转为对抗。美国政策最终定为遏制(containment)——阻止共产主义扩散,而非试图将其清除——并通过杜鲁门主义(Truman Doctrine)、马歇尔计划(Marshall Plan)与北约(NATO)加以体现。
遏制随后带来了美国原本没有预料到的承诺:朝鲜战争(Korean War)、常设的和平时期军事体制、军备竞赛(arms race)与太空竞赛(space race)。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 Cold War 冷战 lěng zhàn containment 遏制 è zhì Truman Doctrine 杜鲁门主义 dù lǔ mén zhǔ yì Marshall Plan 马歇尔计划 mǎ xiē ěr jì huà NATO 北约 běi yuē Korean War 朝鲜战争 cháo xiān zhàn zhēng arms race 军备竞赛 jūn bèi jìng sài space race 太空竞赛 tài kōng jìng sài 8.3
红色恐慌
大纲
8.3 The Red Scare
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments NAT
American and National Identity — The development of and debates about democracy, freedom, citizenship, diversity, and individualism shape American national identity, cultural values, and beliefs about American exceptionalism, and in turn, these ideas shape political institutions and society. Throughout American history, notions of national identity and culture have coexisted with varying degrees of regional and group identities.Unit 8.C
Explain the causes and effects of the Red Scare after World War II.- KC-8.1.II.A Americans debated policies and methods designed to expose suspected communists within the United States even as both parties supported the broader strategy of containing communism.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
对共产主义的恐惧重塑了国内政治。忠诚审查(loyalty programmes)、国会调查与麦卡锡主义(McCarthyism)把矛头指向政府、大学、工会与娱乐业中被怀疑的共产党人。
考点在于公民自由的代价(cost to civil liberties):指控往往被当作证据,而这种恐惧在十余年间收窄了可被接受的政治讨论范围。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 Loyalty programmes 忠诚审查 zhōng chéng shěn chá McCarthyism 麦卡锡主义 mài kǎ xī zhǔ yì cost to civil liberties 公民自由的代价 gōng mín zì yóu de dài jià 8.4 8.5
1945年后的经济
大纲
8.4 Economy After 1945
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments WXT
Work, Exchange, and Technology — The interplay between markets, private enterprise, labor, technology, and government policy shape the American economy. In turn, economic activity shapes society and government policy and drives technological innovation.Unit 8.D
Explain the causes of economic growth in the years after World War II. THEMATIC FOCUS Migration and Settlement MIG Push and pull factors shape immigration to and migration within America, and the demographic change as a result of these moves shapes the migrants, society, and the environment. LEARNING OBJECTIVE- KC-8.3.I.A A burgeoning private sector, federal spending, the baby boom, and technological developments helped spur economic growth. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
Unit 8.E
Explain the causes and effects of the migration of various groups of Americans after 1945.- KC-8.3.I.B As higher education opportunities and new technologies rapidly expanded, increasing social mobility encouraged the migration of the middle class to the suburbs and of many Americans to the South and West. The Sun Belt region emerged as a significant political and economic force.
8.5 Culture after 1945
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments ARC
American and Regional Culture — Creative expression, demographic change, philosophy, religious beliefs, scientific ideas, social mores, and technology shape national, regional, and group cultures in America, and these varying cultures often play a role in shaping government policy and developing economic systems.Unit 8.F
Explain how mass culture has been maintained or challenged over time.- KC-8.3.II.A Mass culture became increasingly homogeneous in the postwar years, inspiring challenges to conformity by artists, intellectuals, and rebellious youth.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
战后经济强劲增长。联邦在国防、公路与退伍军人权利法(GI Bill)上的支出,支撑了住房自有率与高等教育,人口向郊区(suburbs)与阳光地带(Sun Belt)迁移。
文化随之改变:大众消费、电视,以及有自己音乐与市场的独特青年文化(youth culture)。
繁荣并不均衡。郊区扩张在法律与实践上常常把非裔美国人拒之门外,城市失去税基与就业,而贫困(poverty)以被那个年代自我形象所掩盖的方式持续存在——这正是后来改革运动所回应的对象。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 GI Bill 退伍军人权利法 tuì wǔ jūn rén quán lì fǎ suburbs 郊区 jiāo qū Sun Belt 阳光地带 yáng guāng dì dài youth culture 青年文化 qīng nián wén huà poverty 贫困 pín kùn 8.6 8.10 8.11
民权运动的早期步伐(20世纪40与50年代)
大纲
8.6 Early Steps in the Civil Rights Movement (1940s and 1950s)
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments SOC
Social Structures — Social categories, roles, and practices are created, maintained, challenged, and transformed throughout American history, shaping government policy, economic systems, culture, and the lives of citizens.Unit 8.G
Explain how and why the civil rights movements developed and expanded from 1945 to 1960.- KC-8.2.I Seeking to fulfill Reconstruction-era promises, civil rights activists and political leaders achieved some legal and political successes in ending segregation, although progress toward racial equality was slow.
- KC-8.2.I.B.i The three branches of the federal government used measures including desegregation of the armed services and Brown v. Board of Education (1954) to promote greater racial equality.
8.10 The African American Civil Rights Movement (1960s)
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments PCE
Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.Unit 8.L
Explain how and why various groups responded to calls for the expansion of civil rights from 1960 to 1980.- KC-8.2.I.A During and after World War II, civil rights activists and leaders, most notably Martin Luther King Jr., combated racial discrimination utilizing a variety of strategies, including legal challenges, direct action, and nonviolent protest tactics.
- KC-8.2.I.C Continuing resistance slowed efforts at desegregation, sparking social and political unrest across the nation. Debates among civil rights activists over the efficacy of nonviolence increased after 1965.
Unit 8.M
Explain the various ways in which the federal government responded to the calls for the expansion of civil rights.- KC-8.2.I.B.ii The three branches of the federal government used measures including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to promote greater racial equality.
- KC-8.2.III.B.ii A series of Supreme Court decisions expanded civil rights and individual liberties.
8.11 The Civil Rights Movement Expands
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments SOC
Social Structures — Social categories, roles, and practices are created, maintained, challenged, and transformed throughout American history, shaping government policy, economic systems, culture, and the lives of citizens.Unit 8.L
Explain how and why various groups responded to calls for the expansion of civil rights from 1960 to 1980.- KC-8.2.II.B Latino, American Indian, and Asian American movements continued to demand social and economic equality and a redress of past injustices.
- KC-8.2.II.A Feminist and LGBTQ+ activists mobilized behind claims for legal, economic, and social equality.
- KC-8.3.II.B.i Feminists who participated in the counterculture of the 1960s rejected many of the social, economic, and political values of their parents’ generation and advocated changes in sexual norms.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
诉讼、直接行动与立法并非彼此的替代选项:每一环都为下一环创造了条件 20 世纪 40 与 50 年代的早期努力主要通过法院(courts)展开。法律策略促成了布朗诉教育委员会案(Brown v. Board of Education),该案裁定学校种族隔离违宪,抽掉了种族隔离的法律根基。
法院判决不会自动执行,于是运动转向直接行动(direct action):蒙哥马利公交抵制、静坐、自由乘车与大规模游行,依托教会与学生团体组织,并以非暴力抗议(nonviolent protest)为基础。
持续的压力与电视上针对抗议者的暴力画面,最终促成了立法(legislation):1964年民权法(Civil Rights Act of 1964)与1965年选举权法(Voting Rights Act of 1965)。
运动随后扩展(expanded):后来的活动家提出经济不平等、住房与警务问题,一部分人放弃非暴力与融合路线,转向黑人权力(Black Power)。它的示范作用也影响了妇女、拉美裔、美洲原住民等群体的运动。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 courts 法院 fǎ yuàn Brown v. Board of Education 布朗诉教育委员会案 bù lǎng sù jiào yù wěi yuán huì àn direct action 直接行动 zhí jiē xíng dòng nonviolent protest 非暴力抗议 fēi bào lì kàng yì legislation 立法 lì fǎ Civil Rights Act of 1964 1964年民权法 1964 nián mín quán fǎ Voting Rights Act of 1965 1965年选举权法 1965 nián xuǎn jǔ quán fǎ expanded 扩展 kuò zhǎn Black Power 黑人权力 hēi rén quán lì 8.7 8.8 8.9
美国成为世界强国
大纲
8.7 America as a World Power
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments WOR
America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.Unit 8.H
Explain the various military and diplomatic responses to international developments over time.- KC-8.1.I.E Cold War competition extended to Latin America, where the United States supported non-Communist regimes that had varying levels of commitment to democracy.
- KC-8.1.II.C.i Americans debated the merits of a large nuclear arsenal and the military–industrial complex.
- KC-8.1.I.D.i Postwar decolonization and the emergence of powerful nationalist movements in Africa and the Middle East led both sides in the Cold War to seek allies among new nations, many of which remained nonaligned.
8.8 The Vietnam War
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments WOR
America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.Unit 8.I
Explain the causes and effects of the Vietnam War.- KC-8.1.I.B.ii Concerned by expansionist Communist ideology and Soviet repression, the United States sought to contain communism through a variety of measures, including major military engagements in Vietnam.
- KC-8.1.I.D.ii Postwar decolonization and the emergence of powerful nationalist movements in Asia led both sides in the Cold War to seek allies among new nations, many of which remained nonaligned.
- KC-8.1.II.C.ii Americans debated the appropriate power of the executive branch in conducting foreign and military policy.
8.9 The Great Society
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments MIG
Migration and Settlement — Push and pull factors shape immigration to and migration within America, and the demographic change as a result of these moves shapes the migrants, society, and the environment.Unit 8.J
Explain the causes and effects of continuing policy debates about the role of the federal government over time.- KC-8.2.II.C Despite an overall affluence in postwar America, advocates raised concerns about the prevalence and persistence of poverty as a national problem.
- KC-8.2.III.A Liberalism, based on anti-communism abroad and a firm belief in the efficacy of government power to achieve social goals at home, reached a high point of political influence by the mid-1960s.
- KC-8.2.III.B.i Liberal ideas found expression in Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society, which attempted to use federal legislation and programs to end racial discrimination, eliminate poverty, and address other social issues.
Unit 8.K
Explain the continuities and changes in immigration patterns over time.- KC-8.3.I.C Immigrants from around the world sought access to the political, social, and economic opportunities in the United States, especially after the passage of new immigration laws in 1965.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
伟大社会(Great Society)把联邦责任扩展到自新政以来的最大范围:医疗保险与医疗补助、对教育的联邦资助,以及向贫困宣战(War on Poverty)。
越南战争(Vietnam War)源于遏制政策,并消耗了同一届政府。不断升级却无决定性结果,催生了规模庞大的反战运动(antiwar movement)、深刻的政治分裂,以及政府表态与报道现实之间的信任鸿沟(credibility gap)。海外的失利与国内的幻灭,恰在联邦国内角色达到顶峰之际削弱了人们对联邦权力的信心。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 Great Society 伟大社会 wěi dà shè huì War on Poverty 向贫困宣战 xiàng pín kùn xuān zhàn Vietnam War 越南战争 yuè nán zhàn zhēng antiwar movement 反战运动 fǎn zhàn yùn dòng credibility gap 信任鸿沟 xìn rèn hóng gōu 8.12 8.13 8.14
20世纪60年代的青年文化
大纲
8.12 Youth Culture of the 1960s
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments ARC
American and Regional Culture — Creative expression, demographic change, philosophy, religious beliefs, scientific ideas, social mores, and technology shape national, regional, and group cultures in America, and these varying cultures often play a role in shaping government policy and developing economic systems.Unit 8.N
Explain how and why opposition to existing policies and values developed and changed over the course of the 20th century.- KC-8.1.II.B Although anti-communist foreign policy faced little domestic opposition in previous years, the Vietnam War inspired sizable and passionate anti-war protests that became more numerous as the war escalated and sometimes led to violence.
- KC-8.2.III.D Some groups on the left also rejected liberal policies, arguing that political leaders did too little to transform the racial and economic status quo at home and pursued immoral policies abroad.
- KC-8.3.II.B.ii Young people who participated in the counterculture of the 1960s rejected many of the social, economic, and political values of their parents’ generation, introduced greater informality into U.S. culture, and advocated changes in sexual norms.
8.13 The Environment and Natural Resources from 1968 to 1980
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments GEO
Geography and the Environment — Geographic and environmental factors, including competition over and debates about natural resources, shape the development of America and foster regional diversity. The development of America impacts the environment and reshapes geography, which leads to debates about environmental and geographic issues.Unit 8.O
Explain how and why policies related to the environment developed and changed from 1968 to 1980.- KC-8.1.II.D Ideological, military, and economic concerns shaped U.S. involvement in the Middle East, with several oil crises in the region eventually sparking attempts at creating a national energy policy.
- KC-8.2.II.D Environmental problems and accidents led to a growing environmental movement that aimed to use legislative and public efforts to combat pollution and protect natural resources. The federal government established new environmental programs and regulations.
8.14 Society in Transition
Thematic Focus Learning Objective Historical Developments ARC
American and Regional Culture — Creative expression, demographic change, philosophy, religious beliefs, scientific ideas, social mores, and technology shape national, regional, and group cultures in America, and these varying cultures often play a role in shaping government policy and developing economic systems.Unit 8.J
Explain the causes and effects of continuing policy debates about the role of the federal government over time.- KC-8.2.III.C In the 1960s, conservatives challenged liberal laws and court decisions and perceived moral and cultural decline, seeking to limit the role of the federal government and enact more assertive foreign policies.
- KC-8.2.III.E Public confidence and trust in government’s ability to solve social and economic problems declined in the 1970s in the wake of economic challenges, political scandals, and foreign policy crises.
- KC-8.2.III.F The 1970s saw growing clashes between conservatives and liberals over social and cultural issues, the power of the federal government, race, and movements for greater individual rights.
Unit 8.P
Explain the effects of the growth of religious movements over the course of the 20th century.- KC-8.3.II.C The rapid and substantial growth of evangelical Christian churches and organizations was accompanied by greater political and social activism on the part of religious conservatives.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
这一时期的后半段由各种运动及其限度所界定。
- 妇女运动(women's movement)争取法律平等与职场机会;平等权利修正案(Equal Rights Amendment)未获批准。
- 环境保护(environmental)意识在 1968 至 1980 年间发展为联邦在空气、水与濒危物种方面的行动。
- 1965 年移民法改革改变了新移民的来源构成。
- 保守主义(conservatism)针对上述一切组织起来,议题包括税收、社会变迁与政府规模——这正是第九时期开篇的那场运动。
经济困境使一切更为尖锐:通货膨胀(inflation)、石油冲击与工业衰退终结了战后繁荣。
词汇表 训练英文 中文 拼音 women's movement 妇女运动 fù nǚ yùn dòng Equal Rights Amendment 平等权利修正案 píng děng quán lì xiū zhèng àn Environmental 环境保护 huán jìng bǎo hù Conservatism 保守主义 bǎo shǒu zhǔ yì inflation 通货膨胀 tōng huò péng zhàng 8.15
第八时期的延续与变化
大纲
8.15 Continuity and Change in Period 8
Learning Objective Review: Unit 8 Key Concepts Unit 8.Q
Explain the extent to which the events of the period from 1945 to1980 reshaped national identity.- KC-8.1 The United States responded to an uncertain and unstable postwar world by asserting and working to maintain a position of global leadership, with far-reaching domestic and international consequences.
- KC-8.1.I United States policymakers engaged in a cold war with the authoritarian Soviet Union, seeking to limit the growth of Communist military power and ideological influence, create a free-market global economy, and build an international security system.
- KC-8.1.II Cold War policies led to public debates over the power of the federal government and acceptable means for pursuing international and domestic goals while protecting civil liberties.
- KC-8.2 New movements for civil rights and liberal efforts to expand the role of government generated a range of political and cultural responses.
- KC-8.2.I Seeking to fulfill Reconstruction-era promises, civil rights activists and political leaders achieved some legal and political successes in ending segregation, although progress toward racial equality was slow.
- KC-8.2.II Responding to social conditions and the African American civil rights movement, a variety of movements emerged that focused on issues of identity, social justice, and the environment.
- KC-8.2.III Liberalism influenced postwar politics and court decisions, but it came under increasing attack from the left as well as from a resurgent conservative movement.
- KC-8.3 Postwar economic and demographic changes had far-reaching consequences for American society, politics, and culture.
- KC-8.3.I Rapid economic and social changes in American society fostered a sense of optimism in the postwar years.
- KC-8.3.II New demographic and social developments, along with anxieties over the Cold War, changed U.S. culture and led to significant political and moral debates that sharply divided the nation.
来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明
本时期考查的推理能力是延续与变化。权利在法律上极大扩展,而经济不平等与居住隔离依然存在,有力的答案两者都要写到。
Worked example(一道真实的 AP 考题)。2023 年的长文章题要求「评估民权行动主义的壮大在多大程度上促成了政府行动的改变」*。有力的论点会把行动主义确立为原因*,并点明政府的哪些改变:*「民权行动主义在很大程度上促成了政府行动的改变:诉讼促成了布朗诉教育委员会案,持续的直接行动则形成了 1964 年民权法与 1965 年选举权法背后的政治压力;不过联邦行动始终是在跟随而非引领这股压力。」*注意其结构:题干问的是促成作用,因此文章必须追溯从行动主义到政策的这条链条,而不能只描述运动本身。
8.15
考试技巧
- 准确定义遏制——阻止扩散而非清除——并用它把朝鲜与越南解释为其后果。
- 谈红色恐慌时,得分点在公民自由的代价,而不在于把指控过程叙述一遍。
- 把民权运动呈现为法院 → 直接行动 → 立法,每一环都造就下一环。
- 写清伟大社会实际做了什么(医疗保险、医疗补助、教育资助),而不是笼统称之为"改革"。
- 越南战争的国内影响——分裂与信任鸿沟——与军事结局同样重要。
- 面对"延续与变化"题,把法律上的进展与持续存在的经济与居住不平等配对写出。
- KC-8.1 The United States responded to an uncertain and unstable postwar world by asserting and working to maintain a position of global leadership, with far-reaching domestic and international consequences.