第五时期的时代背景

大纲

5.1 Contextualizing Period 5

Learning Objective	Preview: Unit 5 Key Concepts
Unit 5.A Explain the context in which sectional conflict emerged from 1844 to 1877.	KC-5.1 The United States became more connected with the world, pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere, and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries. KC-5.1.I Popular enthusiasm for U.S. expansion, bolstered by economic and security interests, resulted in the acquisition of new territories, substantial migration westward, and new overseas initiatives. KC-5.1.II In the 1840s and 1850s, Americans continued to debate questions about rights and citizenship for various groups of U.S. inhabitants. KC-5.2 Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war. KC-5.2.I Ideological and economic differences over slavery produced an array of diverging responses from Americans in the North and the South. KC-5.2.II Debates over slavery came to dominate political discussion in the 1850s, culminating in the bitter election of 1860 and the secession of Southern states. KC-5.3 The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights. KC-5.3.I The North’s greater manpower and industrial resources, the leadership of Abraham Lincoln and others, and the decision to emancipate enslaved people eventually led to the Union military victory over the Confederacy in the devastating Civil War. KC-5.3.II.i Reconstruction and the Civil War ended slavery, altered relationships between the states and the federal government, and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities.

Learning Objective

Preview: Unit 5 Key Concepts

Unit 5.A
Explain the context in which sectional conflict emerged from 1844 to 1877.

KC-5.1 The United States became more connected with the world, pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere, and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries.
- KC-5.1.I Popular enthusiasm for U.S. expansion, bolstered by economic and security interests, resulted in the acquisition of new territories, substantial migration westward, and new overseas initiatives.
- KC-5.1.II In the 1840s and 1850s, Americans continued to debate questions about rights and citizenship for various groups of U.S. inhabitants.
KC-5.2 Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war.
- KC-5.2.I Ideological and economic differences over slavery produced an array of diverging responses from Americans in the North and the South.
- KC-5.2.II Debates over slavery came to dominate political discussion in the 1850s, culminating in the bitter election of 1860 and the secession of Southern states.
KC-5.3 The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights.
- KC-5.3.I The North’s greater manpower and industrial resources, the leadership of Abraham Lincoln and others, and the decision to emancipate enslaved people eventually led to the Union military victory over the Confederacy in the devastating Civil War.
- KC-5.3.II.i Reconstruction and the Civil War ended slavery, altered relationships between the states and the federal government, and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities.

5.2 Manifest Destiny

Thematic Focus	Learning Objective	Historical Developments
GEO Geography and the Environment — Geographic and environmental factors, including competition over and debates about natural resources, shape the development of America and foster regional diversity. The development of America impacts the environment and reshapes geography, which leads to debates about environmental and geographic issues.	Unit 5.B Explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877.	KC-5.1.I.A The desire for access to natural and mineral resources and the hope of many settlers for economic opportunities or religious refuge led to an increased migration to and settlement in the West. KC-5.1.I.B Advocates of annexing western lands argued that Manifest Destiny and the superiority of American institutions compelled the United States to expand its borders westward to the Pacific Ocean; however, this frequently provoked competition and violent conflict. KC-5.1.I.D Westward migration was boosted during and after the Civil War by the passage of new legislation promoting western transportation and economic development. KC-5.1.I.E U.S. interest in expanding trade led to economic, diplomatic, and cultural initiatives to create more ties with Asia.

5.3 The Mexican–American War

Thematic Focus	Learning Objective	Historical Developments
WOR America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.	Unit 5.C Explain the causes and effects of the Mexican– American War.	KC-5.1.I.C The United States added large territories in the West through victory in the Mexican– American War and diplomatic negotiations, raising questions about the status of slavery, American Indians, and Mexicans in the newly acquired lands. KC-5.1.II.C U.S. government interaction and conflict with Mexican Americans and American Indians increased in regions newly taken from American Indians and Mexico, altering these groups’ economic self-sufficiency and cultures.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

第五时期从 1844 年到 1877 年。在这一时期,关于奴隶制的争论不再停留在政治层面,而变成了军事对抗。

扩张是导火索。对自然与矿产资源(natural and mineral resources)的渴求,以及定居者对土地的期望,推动美国人西进。鼓吹兼并的人以天定命运论(Manifest Destiny)为其辩护——宣称美国注定要、也足够优越到可以扩展至整个大陆。

美墨战争(Mexican-American War)为美国增添了西部的大片领土。此后,宅地法(Homestead Act)等战时立法进一步推动了移民,而扩大贸易的意图也催生了对外的经济与外交举措。

扩张同时意味着冲突。政府与墨西哥裔美国人(Mexican Americans)以及美洲原住民(American Indians)的往来,造成了土地被剥夺、抵抗,以及围绕土地与公民身份的新法律争端。

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
natural and mineral resources	自然与矿产资源	zì rán yǔ kuàng chǎn zī yuán
Manifest Destiny	天定命运论	tiān dìng mìng yùn lùn
Mexican-American War	美墨战争	měi mò zhàn zhēng
Homestead Act	宅地法	zhái dì fǎ
Mexican Americans	墨西哥裔美国人	mò xī gē yì měi guó rén

5.4 5.5 5.6

1850年妥协案

大纲

5.4 The Compromise of 1850

Thematic Focus	Learning Objective	Historical Developments
NAT American and National Identity — The development of and debates about democracy, freedom, citizenship, diversity, and individualism shape American national identity, cultural values, and beliefs about American exceptionalism, and in turn, these ideas shape political institutions and society. Throughout American history, notions of national identity and culture have coexisted with varying degrees of regional and group identities.	Unit 5.D Explain the similarities and differences in how regional attitudes affected federal policy in the period after the Mexican–American War.	KC-5.2.II.A The Mexican Cession led to heated controversies over whether to allow slavery in the newly acquired territories. KC-5.2.II.B.i The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the Compromise of 1850.

5.5 Sectional Conflict: Regional Differences

Thematic Focus	Learning Objective	Historical Developments
SOC Social Structures — Social categories, roles, and practices are created, maintained, challenged, and transformed throughout American history, shaping government policy, economic systems, culture, and the lives of citizens.	Unit 5.E Explain the effects of immigration from various parts of the world on American culture from 1844 to 1877.	KC-5.1.II.A Substantial numbers of international migrants continued to arrive in the United States from Europe and Asia, mainly from Ireland and Germany, often settling in ethnic communities where they could preserve elements of their languages and customs. KC-5.1.II.B A strongly anti-Catholic nativist movement arose that was aimed at limiting new immigrants’ political power and cultural influence.
	Unit 5.F Explain how regional differences related to slavery caused tension in the years leading up to the Civil War.	KC-5.2.I.A The North’s expanding manufacturing economy relied on free labor in contrast to the Southern economy’s dependence on enslaved labor. Some Northerners did not object to slavery on principle but claimed that slavery would undermine the free labor market. As a result, a free-soil movement arose that portrayed the expansion of slavery as incompatible with free labor. KC-5.2.I.B African American and white abolitionists, although a minority in the North, mounted a highly visible campaign against slavery, presenting moral arguments against the institution, assisting escapes, and sometimes expressing a willingness to use violence to achieve their goals. KC-5.2.I.C Defenders of slavery based their arguments on racial doctrines, the view that slavery was a positive social good, and the belief that slavery and states’ rights were protected by the Constitution.

5.6 Failure of Compromise

Thematic Focus	Learning Objective	Historical Developments
PCE Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.	Unit 5.G Explain the political causes of the Civil War.	KC-5.2.II.B.ii The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the Kansas–Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott decision, but these ultimately failed to reduce conflict. KC-5.2.II.C The Second Party System ended when the issues of slavery and anti-immigrant nativism weakened loyalties to the two major parties and fostered the emergence of sectional parties, most notably the Republican Party in the North.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

每一次妥协都在解决新领地的奴隶制问题,随后破裂——每一次失败都让下一次的回旋余地更小 — 每一次妥协处理的都是领地上的奴隶制问题,而每一次破裂都使下一次的余地更小

获得土地迫使一个无法回避的问题浮现:**奴隶制是否会扩展到新领地?**每一次试图回答它,都产生了一个随后失效的临时安排。

1850年妥协案(Compromise of 1850)接纳加利福尼亚为自由州,同时包含严厉的逃奴法(Fugitive Slave Act),因要求北方公民参与执行而激怒北方。
人民主权原则(popular sovereignty)——由领地定居者自行决定——在堪萨斯带来的是暴力,而不是解决方案。
德雷德·斯科特案(Dred Scott decision)裁定国会不得在领地禁止奴隶制,从法律上取消了妥协这一选项。

意识形态与经济上的分歧,催生了对奴隶制分歧的回应(diverging responses),从废奴主义到把奴隶制辩护为"积极之善"的拥奴论。到 19 世纪 50 年代,奴隶制主导了政治讨论,摧毁了原有政党体系,并催生了新的共和党(Republican Party)。

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
Compromise of 1850	1850年妥协案	1850 nián tuǒ xié àn
Fugitive Slave Act	逃奴法	táo nú fǎ
Popular sovereignty	人民主权原则	rén mín zhǔ quán yuán zé
Dred Scott decision	德雷德·斯科特案	dé léi dé · sī kē tè àn
diverging responses	分歧的回应	fēn qí de huí yìng
Republican Party	共和党	gòng hé dǎng

5.7 5.8 5.9

1860年大选与南方脱离联邦

大纲

5.7 Election of 1860 and Secession

Thematic Focus	Learning Objective	Historical Developments
PCE Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.	Unit 5.H Describe the effects of Lincoln’s election.	KC-5.2.II.D Abraham Lincoln’s victory on the Republicans’ free-soil platform in the presidential election of 1860 was accomplished without any Southern electoral votes. After a series of contested debates about secession, most slave states voted to secede from the Union, precipitating the Civil War.

5.8 Military Conflict in the Civil War

Thematic Focus	Learning Objective	Historical Developments
WOR America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.	Unit 5.I Explain the various factors that contributed to the Union victory in the Civil War.	KC-5.3.I.A Both the Union and the Confederacy mobilized their economies and societies to wage the war even while facing considerable home front opposition. KC-5.3.I.D Although the Confederacy showed military initiative and daring early in the war, the Union ultimately succeeded due to improvements in leadership and strategy, key victories, greater resources, and the wartime destruction of the South’s infrastructure.

5.9 Government Policies During the Civil War

Thematic Focus	Learning Objective	Historical Developments
NAT American and National Identity — The development of and debates about democracy, freedom, citizenship, diversity, and individualism shape American national identity, cultural values, and beliefs about American exceptionalism, and in turn, these ideas shape political institutions and society. Throughout American history, notions of national identity and culture have coexisted with varying degrees of regional and group identities.	Unit 5.J Explain how Lincoln’s leadership during the Civil War impacted American ideals over the course of the war.	KC-5.3.I.B Lincoln and most Union supporters began the Civil War to preserve the Union, but Lincoln’s decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation reframed the purpose of the war and helped prevent the Confederacy from gaining full diplomatic support from European powers. Many African Americans fled southern plantations and enlisted in the Union Army, helping to undermine the Confederacy. KC-5.3.I.C Lincoln sought to reunify the country and used speeches such as the Gettysburg Address to portray the struggle against slavery as the fulfillment of America’s founding democratic ideals.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

1860年大选(election of 1860)使林肯(Abraham Lincoln)以阻止奴隶制扩张为纲领上台。南方各州以脱离联邦(seceding)作为回应,战争随之爆发。

联邦获胜的原因在于更多的人力与工业资源(greater manpower and industrial resources)、林肯的领导,以及具有决定意义的解放黑奴宣言(Emancipation Proclamation)——它把这场战争变成一场反对奴隶制的战争,并使非裔美国人得以参军。

战时双方的政府政策都发生了变化:征兵、征税,以及联邦在经济中扮演更大角色。非裔美国人的军事服役,以及通过抵达联邦军防线而自我解放的被奴役者,同样影响了战争结局。

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
election of 1860	1860年大选	1860 nián dà xuǎn
Abraham Lincoln	林肯	lín kěn
seceding	脱离联邦	tuō lí lián bāng
greater manpower and industrial resources	更多的人力与工业资源	gèng duō de rén lì yǔ gōng yè zī yuán
Emancipation Proclamation	解放黑奴宣言	jiě fàng hēi nú xuān yán

5.10

重建时期

大纲

5.10 Reconstruction

Thematic Focus	Learning Objective	Historical Developments
PCE Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.	Unit 5.K Explain the effects of government policy during Reconstruction on society from 1865 to 1877.	KC-5.3.II.ii Reconstruction altered relationships between the states and the federal government and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities. KC-5.3.II.A The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, while the 14th and 15th amendments granted African Americans citizenship, equal protection under the laws, and voting rights. KC-5.3.II.B The women’s rights movement was both emboldened and divided over the 14th and 15th amendments to the Constitution. KC-5.3.II.C Efforts by radical and moderate Republicans to change the balance of power between Congress and the presidency and to reorder race relations in the defeated South yielded some short-term successes. Reconstruction opened up political opportunities and other leadership roles to formerly enslaved persons but it ultimately failed, due both to determined Southern resistance and the North’s waning resolve.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

重建时期(Reconstruction)试图解决三个问题:获得自由者的身份地位、南方各州重新加入联邦的条件,以及各州与联邦政府之间的权力平衡。

其宪法层面的成果是重建修正案(Reconstruction Amendments):

第十三修正案(13th Amendment)废除奴隶制。
第十四修正案(14th Amendment)赋予公民身份与平等保护。
第十五修正案(15th Amendment)禁止以种族为由剥夺投票权。

妇女权利运动因第十四与第十五修正案而既受鼓舞又出现分裂(emboldened and divided),因为这些修正案按种族扩展权利,却把"男性"一词写进了宪法。

激进派与温和派共和党人(radical and moderate Republicans)着力改变国会与总统之间的权力平衡,并通过自由民局、军事占领与各州新宪法来重塑南方社会。

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
Reconstruction	重建时期	chóng jiàn shí qī
Reconstruction Amendments	重建修正案	chóng jiàn xiū zhèng àn
13th Amendment	第十三修正案	dì shí sān xiū zhèng àn
14th Amendment	第十四修正案	dì shí sì xiū zhèng àn
15th Amendment	第十五修正案	dì shí wǔ xiū zhèng àn
emboldened and divided	既受鼓舞又出现分裂	jì shòu gǔ wǔ yòu chū xiàn fēn liè
Radical and moderate Republicans	激进派与温和派共和党人	jī jìn pài yǔ wēn hé pài gòng hé dǎng rén

5.11

重建的失败

大纲

5.11 Failure of Reconstruction

Thematic Focus	Learning Objective	Historical Developments
NAT American and National Identity — The development of and debates about democracy, freedom, citizenship, diversity, and individualism shape American national identity, cultural values, and beliefs about American exceptionalism, and in turn, these ideas shape political institutions and society. Throughout American history, notions of national identity and culture have coexisted with varying degrees of regional and group identities.	Unit 5.L Explain how and why Reconstruction resulted in continuity and change in regional and national understandings of what it meant to be American.	KC-5.3.II.D Southern plantation owners continued to own the majority of the region’s land even after Reconstruction. Formerly enslaved persons sought land ownership but generally fell short of self-sufficiency, as an exploitative and soil-intensive sharecropping system limited blacks’ and poor whites’ access to land in the South. KC-5.3.II.E Segregation, violence, Supreme Court decisions, and local political tactics progressively stripped away African American rights, but the 14th and 15th amendments eventually became the basis for court decisions upholding civil rights in the 20th century.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

重建的成果被逆转,而考试要考的是其中的机制,而不仅是结果。

即使在解放之后,南方种植园主仍拥有该地区大部分土地(continued to own most of the region's land),因此获得自由的人只能进入分成租佃(sharecropping)之类的安排,结果是依附与债务,而非经济独立。

随后,种族隔离(segregation)、暴力(violence)、不利的最高法院判决(Supreme Court decisions)以及地方政治手段,逐步剥夺(stripped away)了非裔美国人已经获得的权利。其结果是一套延续到 20 世纪的法律与社会制度。

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
continued to own most of the region's land	仍拥有该地区大部分土地	réng yōng yǒu gāi dì qū dà bù fèn tǔ dì
sharecropping	分成租佃	fēn chéng zū diàn
segregation	种族隔离	zhǒng zú gé lí
violence	暴力	bào lì
Supreme Court decisions	最高法院判决	zuì gāo fǎ yuàn pàn jué
stripped away	逐步剥夺	zhú bù bō duó

5.12

第五时期的比较分析

大纲

5.12 Comparison in Period 5

Learning Objective	Review: Unit 5 Key Concepts
Unit 5.M Compare the relative significance of the effects of the Civil War on American values.	KC-5.1 The United States became more connected with the world, pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere, and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries. KC-5.1.I Popular enthusiasm for U.S. expansion, bolstered by economic and security interests, resulted in the acquisition of new territories, substantial migration westward, and new overseas initiatives. KC-5.1.II In the 1840s and 1850s, Americans continued to debate questions about rights and citizenship for various groups of U.S. inhabitants. KC-5.2 Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war. KC-5.2.I Ideological and economic differences over slavery produced an array of diverging responses from Americans in the North and the South. KC-5.2.II Debates over slavery came to dominate political discussion in the 1850s, culminating in the bitter election of 1860 and the secession of Southern states. KC-5.3 The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights. KC-5.3.I The North’s greater manpower and industrial resources, the leadership of Abraham Lincoln and others, and the decision to emancipate enslaved people eventually led to the Union military victory over the Confederacy in the devastating Civil War. KC-5.3.II.i Reconstruction and the Civil War ended slavery, altered relationships between the states and the federal government, and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities.

Learning Objective

Review: Unit 5 Key Concepts

Unit 5.M
Compare the relative significance of the effects of the Civil War on American values.

KC-5.1 The United States became more connected with the world, pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere, and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries.
- KC-5.1.I Popular enthusiasm for U.S. expansion, bolstered by economic and security interests, resulted in the acquisition of new territories, substantial migration westward, and new overseas initiatives.
- KC-5.1.II In the 1840s and 1850s, Americans continued to debate questions about rights and citizenship for various groups of U.S. inhabitants.
KC-5.2 Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war.
- KC-5.2.I Ideological and economic differences over slavery produced an array of diverging responses from Americans in the North and the South.
- KC-5.2.II Debates over slavery came to dominate political discussion in the 1850s, culminating in the bitter election of 1860 and the secession of Southern states.
KC-5.3 The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights.
- KC-5.3.I The North’s greater manpower and industrial resources, the leadership of Abraham Lincoln and others, and the decision to emancipate enslaved people eventually led to the Union military victory over the Confederacy in the devastating Civil War.
- KC-5.3.II.i Reconstruction and the Civil War ended slavery, altered relationships between the states and the federal government, and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

本时期考查的推理能力是比较(comparison)。有用的比较包括:战前的北方与南方;重建的目标与其结果;以及非裔美国人在 1865 年与 1877 年的处境。

Worked example(一道真实的 AP 考题)。2023 年的长文章题为「评估 1865 至 1920 年间美国公民身份的定义在多大程度上发生了变化」。有力的论点会表明立场并承认那场逆转:「1865 至 1920 年间,公民身份的定义发生了实质性变化:第十四与第十五修正案确立了出生公民权,并禁止以种族设置投票障碍;然而到 1900 年,种族隔离、暴力与最高法院判决使这些定义对非裔美国人而言在实际中大打折扣。」*注意其结构:对于一个既扩展又逆转了权利的时期,论点必须同时把握法律上的变化与实践中的逆转*。只写修正案,等于只写了这个时期的一半。

5.12

考试技巧

扩张是地区危机的起因。1850 年以后的每一次妥协,都是在回答奴隶制能否扩张这一问题。
要点出机制,而不是气氛。"紧张加剧"不得分,而逃奴法、德雷德·斯科特案与流血的堪萨斯可以。
要写出解放黑奴宣言的战略作用:它重新定义了战争目的,并使黑人得以参军。
按各自的作用记住三条重建修正案;题目常常考它们之间的区别。
谈重建的失败时,要点出分成租佃、种族隔离、暴力与法院判决这四种机制。
面对比较题,两边都要展开。把一方写在从句里的答案只回答了一半。

第五时期：1844—1877

第五时期的时代背景

5.1 Contextualizing Period 5

5.2 Manifest Destiny

5.3 The Mexican–American War

1850年妥协案

5.4 The Compromise of 1850

5.5 Sectional Conflict: Regional Differences

5.6 Failure of Compromise

1860年大选与南方脱离联邦

5.7 Election of 1860 and Secession

5.8 Military Conflict in the Civil War

5.9 Government Policies During the Civil War

重建时期

5.10 Reconstruction

重建的失败

5.11 Failure of Reconstruction

第五时期的比较分析

5.12 Comparison in Period 5

考试技巧

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