An Election Without the South · 没有南方的选举
A victory with no Southern electoral votes
- Abraham Lincoln's victory on the Republicans' free-soil platform in the presidential election of 1860 was accomplished without any Southern electoral votes.
- That single fact is what 5.6's sectional parties made possible: a national office won by one region alone.
- On the Republicans' free-soil platform matters — 5.5 established that free soil opposed slavery's expansion, not its existence.
一场没有南方选举人票的胜利
- 亚伯拉罕·林肯在 1860 年总统选举中凭共和党的自由土地纲领获胜,而没有获得任何南方选举人票。
- 那一个事实正是 5.6 的地区性政党所使之成为可能的:一个全国性职位由单一地区独力赢得。
- 凭共和党的自由土地纲领很重要——5.5 已确立自由土地反对的是奴隶制的扩张,而不是它的存在。
Lincoln's 1860 victory was accomplished... · 林肯1860年的胜利是通过……实现的
What 5.6's sectional parties made possible. · 自由党派的5.6所促成的。
Debate, then secession
- After a series of contested debates about secession, most slave states voted to secede from the Union, precipitating the Civil War.
- Contested debates and voted are both important: secession was argued and decided, not automatic.
- Most slave states, not all — the CED is precise, and the exceptions matter to the war's geography.
先辩论,后脱离
- 在一系列关于脱离联邦的激烈辩论之后,大多数蓄奴州投票决定脱离联邦,从而引发了内战。
- 激烈的辩论与投票都很重要:脱离是被辩论并被决定的,不是自动发生的。
- 是大多数蓄奴州,不是全部——CED 说得精确,而那些例外对这场战争的地理很重要。
The free-soil platform opposed slavery's... · 自由土壤纲领反对奴隶制的...
5.5 established the distinction. · 5.5确立了这种区分。
Why an election could precipitate a war
- An election result is only a crisis if losing it means losing something that cannot be recovered at the next one.
- A party with no Southern votes had no reason to bargain for Southern support in future, which changed what a defeat meant.
- So the crisis is structural, and 5.6's collapse of national parties is its direct cause.
一场选举为何能引发一场战争
- 一场选举的结果只有在"输掉它"意味着失去某种在下一次选举中无法挽回之物时,才会成为一场危机。
- 一个没有南方选票的政党,日后没有理由为争取南方支持而讨价还价,而这改变了一次失败的含义。
- 因此这场危机是结构性的,而 5.6 中全国性政党的崩解正是它的直接成因。
The election, the response, or the underlying reason? · 是选举、反应，还是根本原因？
Sort each element of the 1860 crisis. · 对1860年危机的每个要素进行分类。
Select both · 两者 things the CED says preceded and constituted secession. · 选择CED所说的导致和构成分离的两项内容。
Argued and decided, not automatic. · 经过论证和裁决，而非自动发生。
"Precipitating" brings on something already forming. The election supplied the moment; 5.1 to 5.6 supplied the formation — so treating 1860 as the cause mistakes a trigger for an explanation.
**"引发"是使某种已在形成之物提前到来。**这场选举提供了那个时刻;而 5.1 到 5.6 提供了那个形成过程——因此把 1860 年当作那个原因,是把触发因素误当成了解释。
The CED says ____ slave states voted to secede — not all of them. · CED称____个蓄奴州投票脱离联邦——并非全部。
The exceptions matter to the war's geography. · 例外情况对战争的地理分布至关重要。
'Precipitating' is a careful verb
- To precipitate is to bring on something already forming — it does not mean to cause from nothing.
- 5.1 to 5.6 supplied the formation; the election supplied the moment.
- So an answer that treats 1860 as the cause has mistaken a trigger for an explanation, which 5.4's CED language already warned against.
"引发"是一个谨慎的动词
- "引发"是使某种已在形成之物提前到来——它并不意味着从无到有地造成。
- 5.1 到 5.6 提供了那个形成过程;而这场选举提供了那个时刻。
- 因此把 1860 年当作原因的答案,把一个触发因素误当成了一个解释,而 5.4 的 CED 措辞已经就此提出过警告。
'Precipitating' means the election... · '引发'一词意味着选举...
5.1 to 5.6 supplied the formation. · 5.1至5.6提供了形成基础。
Describing effects
- The objective's verb is describe, not explain — so the answer is what followed, stated accurately.
- Effects: contested debates, votes to secede in most slave states, and the outbreak of war.
- Adding why an election could have those effects is what raises the answer above the minimum.
描述效果
- 这一目标的动词是描述,不是解释——因此答案是随之而来之事,被准确地陈述出来。
- 效果:激烈的辩论、大多数蓄奴州的脱离投票,以及战争的爆发。
- 补上一场选举为何能产生这些效果,正是把答案抬高到最低要求之上的东西。
A result becomes intolerable when the losing side can see that the winning side will never need its votes. At that point an election is no longer a turn in a game; it is the last turn.
当失败的一方看清获胜的一方永远不会需要它的选票时,一个结果就变得无法忍受。到那一刻,一场选举就不再是一局棋中的一步;它是最后一步。
Abraham Lincoln's victory on the Republicans' free-soil platform in the presidential election of 1860 was accomplished without any Southern electoral votes. After a series of contested debates about secession, most slave states voted to secede from the Union, precipitating the Civil War. The victory was possible because 5.6's national parties had broken into sectional ones — and precipitating means the election supplied the moment, not the formation.
亚伯拉罕·林肯在 1860 年总统选举中凭共和党的自由土地纲领获胜,而没有获得任何南方选举人票。在一系列关于脱离联邦的激烈辩论之后,大多数蓄奴州投票决定脱离联邦,从而引发了内战。这场胜利之所以可能,是因为 5.6 中的全国性政党已经裂解为地区性政党——而引发意味着这场选举提供的是那个时刻,不是那个形成过程。