Westward Expansion · 西进运动
Three motives for going west
- The desire for access to natural and mineral resources and the hope of many settlers for economic opportunities or religious refuge led to an increased migration to and settlement in the West.
- Three motives in one sentence: resources, economic opportunity, and religious refuge.
- The third is easy to forget and is the CED's own — some movement west was flight, not enterprise.
西行的三种动机
- 对获取自然与矿产资源的渴望,以及许多定居者对经济机会或宗教避难所的期望,导致了向西部迁徙与定居的增加。
- 一句话里有三种动机:资源、经济机会,以及宗教避难。
- 第三种容易被忘记,而它是 CED 自己的——有些西行是逃离,不是创业。
Select all · 所有 three motives the CED names. · 选择CED提到的所有三个动机。
The third is easy to forget and is the CED's own. · 第三点容易被忽视，且来自CED本身。
An argument, and its consequence
- Advocates of annexing western lands argued that Manifest Destiny and the superiority of American institutions compelled the United States to expand its borders westward to the Pacific Ocean; however, this frequently provoked competition and violent conflict.
- The CED reports the argument as what advocates argued, and then states the result with however.
- Frequently provoked competition and violent conflict is the CED's own assessment, placed in the same sentence.
一项论证,以及它的后果
- 主张兼并西部土地的人辩称,昭昭天命与美国制度的优越性迫使美国把边界向西扩展到太平洋;然而,这经常引发竞争与暴力冲突。
- CED 把这一论证报告为主张者所辩称的内容,随后用然而陈述了结果。
- 经常引发竞争与暴力冲突是 CED 自己的评断,被放在同一句话里。
The CED presents Manifest Destiny as... · CED将天定命运呈现为……
Then states the result with 'however'. · 然后用‘然而’陈述结果。
Legislation accelerated it
- Westward migration was boosted during and after the Civil War by the passage of new legislation promoting western transportation and economic development.
- So the war did not pause expansion; it accelerated it, and the federal government was the accelerator.
- That connects the unit's first thread to the third: a stronger wartime state used its strength on the frontier.
立法加速了它
- 在内战期间与之后,促进西部交通与经济发展的新立法推动了西进移民。
- 因此这场战争并没有让扩张暂停;它加速了扩张,而联邦政府就是那个加速器。
- 这把本单元的第一条线索与第三条相连:一个更强大的战时国家,把它的力量用在了边疆上。
A motive, an argument, or an accelerator? · 动机、论点还是加速器？
Sort each element of westward expansion. · 对西进运动的每个要素进行分类。
During and after the Civil War, westward migration was... · 在内战期间及之后，向西迁徙……
The federal government was the accelerator. · 联邦政府是加速器。
The CED reports Manifest Destiny as what advocates argued, then states the result with however. Advocates said American institutions compelled expansion to the Pacific; the CED's own assessment is that this frequently provoked competition and violent conflict — both halves belong in an answer.
CED 把昭昭天命报告为主张者所辩称的内容,随后用然而陈述结果。主张者说美国的制度迫使扩张至太平洋;而 CED 自己的评断是,这经常引发竞争与暴力冲突——两半都应出现在答案中。
Select all · 所有 three kinds of initiative toward Asia. · 选择针对亚洲的所有三种类型的倡议。
So this is not only commerce. · 因此这不仅仅是商业。
And expansion reached the Pacific and beyond
- U.S. interest in expanding trade led to economic, diplomatic, and cultural initiatives to create more ties with Asia.
- Three kinds of initiative — economic, diplomatic, and cultural — so this is not only commerce.
- 4.4's two aims, territory and trade, are still the frame; the Pacific coast makes the second one reachable.
而扩张抵达太平洋并越过它
- 美国对扩大贸易的兴趣,导致了旨在与亚洲建立更多联系的经济、外交与文化举措。
- 三类举措——经济的、外交的与文化的——因此这不只是商业。
- 4.4 的两个目标,领土与贸易,仍然是那个框架;而太平洋沿岸使第二个变得可及。
The CED's own assessment is that expansion frequently provoked competition and violent . · CED自己的评估认为，扩张经常引发竞争和暴力。
Placed in the same sentence as the argument. · 与论点放在同一句话中。
Causes and effects
- The objective is the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877.
- Causes: resources, opportunity, refuge, an ideological argument, and federal legislation.
- Effects: settlement, competition and violent conflict, ties with Asia, and — via 5.3 — territorial questions about slavery.
成因与效果
- 这一目标是1844 至 1877 年间西进扩张的成因与效果。
- 成因:资源、机会、避难、一套意识形态论证,以及联邦立法。
- 效果:定居、竞争与暴力冲突、与亚洲的联系,以及——经由 5.3——关于奴隶制的领土问题。
A claim that a country is destined to reach an ocean does not tell you who currently lives between it and the water. The claim and the people are in the same sentence only because the CED put them there.
一项声称某个国家注定要抵达某个大洋的主张,并没有告诉你此刻是谁住在它与那片水域之间。这项主张与这些人之所以出现在同一句话里,只是因为 CED 把他们放在了那里。
The desire for access to natural and mineral resources and the hope of many settlers for economic opportunities or religious refuge led to an increased migration to and settlement in the West. Advocates... argued that Manifest Destiny and the superiority of American institutions compelled the United States to expand... however, this frequently provoked competition and violent conflict. New legislation promoting western transportation and economic development boosted migration during and after the war, and U.S. interest in expanding trade led to economic, diplomatic, and cultural initiatives to create more ties with Asia.
对获取自然与矿产资源的渴望,以及许多定居者对经济机会或宗教避难所的期望,导致了向西部迁徙与定居的增加。 主张者……辩称昭昭天命与美国制度的优越性迫使美国扩张……然而,这经常引发竞争与暴力冲突。 促进西部交通与经济发展的新立法在战时与战后推动了移民,而美国对扩大贸易的兴趣导致了旨在与亚洲建立更多联系的经济、外交与文化举措。