After Reconstruction · 重建之后
Land did not change hands
- Southern plantation owners continued to own the majority of the region's land even after Reconstruction.
- Formerly enslaved persons sought land ownership but generally fell short of self-sufficiency, as an exploitative and soil-intensive sharecropping system limited blacks' and poor whites' access to land in the South.
- And poor whites — the CED says the system constrained both groups, which is a fact about class as well as race.
土地并未易主
- 即便在重建之后,南方种植园主仍然拥有该地区的大部分土地。
- 曾被奴役者寻求拥有土地,但普遍未能达到自给自足,因为一种剥削性的、消耗地力的佃农制限制了南方黑人与贫穷白人获取土地的机会。
- 以及贫穷白人——CED 说这一制度约束了两个群体,而这既是关于种族的事实,也是关于阶级的事实。
After Reconstruction, most of the region's land was owned by... · 重建之后，该地区大部分土地由...拥有。
Sharecropping limited access for blacks and poor whites. · 分成租佃制限制了黑人以及贫穷白人的进入。
Rights stripped by four means
- Segregation, violence, Supreme Court decisions, and local political tactics progressively stripped away African American rights.
- Four means, and they operate at different levels: social, physical, judicial, and procedural.
- Progressively describes a process over years, not a single reversal — which is why 5.10's three granted rights disappeared at different rates.
以四种手段被剥夺的权利
- 种族隔离、暴力、最高法院的判决与地方政治手段,逐步剥夺了非裔美国人的权利。
- 四种手段,它们在不同层面上运作:社会的、身体的、司法的与程序的。
- 逐步描述的是一个跨年的过程,不是一次性的逆转——这正是 5.10 中所赋予的三项权利以不同速度消失的原因。
Select all · 所有 four means by which rights were stripped away. · 选择CED指出的剥夺权利的所有四种方式。
Social, physical, judicial and procedural. · 社会、身体、司法和程序方面。
And a long-delayed effect
- ...but the 14th and 15th amendments eventually became the basis for court decisions upholding civil rights in the 20th century.
- Eventually is doing a century of work in one word, and the CED puts it in the same sentence as the stripping.
- So the amendments failed in the short term and succeeded in the long one, which is why 5.1 called the questions unresolved rather than answered.
以及一项长期延迟的效果
- ……但第十四与第十五条修正案最终成为 20 世纪支持公民权利之法院判决的依据。
- 最终这一个词承担了一个世纪的分量,而 CED 把它与那场剥夺写在同一句话里。
- 因此这些修正案在短期内失败、在长期中成功,这正是 5.1 把那些问题称为未决而不是已被回答的原因。
A continuity, a means of stripping rights, or the long-term effect? · 是一种连续性、剥夺权利的手段，还是长期影响？
Sort each element of the post-Reconstruction South. · 对重建后南部的每个要素进行分类。
'Eventually became the basis for court decisions' refers to... · '最终成为法院判决的基础'指的是...
Short-term failure, long-term success. · 短期失败，长期成功。
"Eventually" carries a century in one word. The same sentence that records rights being progressively stripped away says the 14th and 15th amendments eventually became the basis for court decisions upholding civil rights in the 20th century — short-term failure and long-term success, which is why 5.1 called these questions unresolved.
"最终"一词承载了一个世纪。记录权利被逐步剥夺的同一句话,也说第十四与第十五条修正案最终成为 20 世纪支持公民权利之法院判决的依据——短期的失败与长期的成功,这正是 5.1 把这些问题称为未决的原因。
Select all · 所有 the continuities this lesson names. · 选择本课提到的所有连续性。
Slavery was abolished by the 13th Amendment. · 奴隶制由第13修正案废除。
Continuity and change, in the objective's terms
- Change: slavery abolished, amendments written, offices briefly opened.
- Continuity: land ownership unchanged, poverty structured by sharecropping, rights progressively removed.
- The objective asks about what it meant to be American, so both belong: the definition was expanded on paper and contested in practice.
以这一目标的措辞说的延续与变化
- 变化:奴隶制被废除、修正案被写下、公职一度开放。
- 延续:土地所有权未变、贫困被佃农制所结构化、权利被逐步移除。
- 这一目标追问的是身为美国人意味着什么,因此两者都应包含:这一定义在纸面上被扩大,而在实践中受到争夺。
A right written into a constitution and not enforced is not the same as no right at all. · 写入宪法但未执行的权并不等同于完全没有权利。
A later generation can pick up the claim. · 后代可以继承这一主张。
Regional and national understandings
- The objective asks about regional and national understandings of what it meant to be American.
- Regionally: a South whose land and labour arrangements survived defeat, and a North whose resolve waned.
- Nationally: a constitutional definition of citizenship that outlived the political will to enforce it — until the 20th century.
地区性与全国性的理解
- 这一目标追问的是关于身为美国人意味着什么的地区性与全国性理解。
- 地区上:一个土地与劳动安排在战败中存续下来的南方,以及一个决心消退的北方。
- 全国上:一个在宪法上被定义的公民身份,比执行它的政治意志活得更久——直到 20 世纪。
A right written into a constitution and not enforced is not the same as no right at all. It is a claim left on the record, and a later generation can pick it up without having to win the argument again.
一项被写入宪法却未被执行的权利,与根本没有这项权利不同。它是一项被留在案卷上的主张,而后来的一代人可以把它拾起,无需再赢一次那场论争。
Southern plantation owners continued to own the majority of the region's land even after Reconstruction, and formerly enslaved persons sought land ownership but generally fell short of self-sufficiency, as an exploitative and soil-intensive sharecropping system limited blacks' and poor whites' access to land. Segregation, violence, Supreme Court decisions, and local political tactics progressively stripped away African American rights, but the 14th and 15th amendments eventually became the basis for court decisions upholding civil rights in the 20th century.
即便在重建之后,南方种植园主仍然拥有该地区的大部分土地,而曾被奴役者寻求拥有土地,但普遍未能达到自给自足,因为一种剥削性的、消耗地力的佃农制限制了黑人与贫穷白人获取土地的机会。种族隔离、暴力、最高法院的判决与地方政治手段,逐步剥夺了非裔美国人的权利,但第十四与第十五条修正案最终成为 20 世纪支持公民权利之法院判决的依据。