When the Party System Broke · 政党体系瓦解之时
Two more attempts, and a verdict
- The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott decision, but these ultimately failed to reduce conflict.
- Ultimately failed to reduce conflict is the CED's verdict on the whole sequence, including 5.4's Compromise of 1850.
- So the political causes of the war are not a series of blunders; they are the exhaustion of every available mechanism.
又两次尝试,以及一个判断
- 法院与全国性领袖作出了各种尝试来解决领土上的奴隶制问题,其中包括《堪萨斯-内布拉斯加法案》与德雷德·斯科特案判决,但这些最终未能减少冲突。
- 最终未能减少冲突是 CED 对整个序列的判断,其中也包括 5.4 的 1850 年妥协案。
- 因此这场战争的政治成因不是一连串失误;它们是每一种可用机制的耗尽。
Select both · 两者 attempts 5.6 adds to the Compromise of 1850. · 选出 5.6 在 1850 年妥协案之外补充的两次尝试。
The CED's verdict: they ultimately failed to reduce conflict. · CED 的判断是:它们最终未能减少冲突。
The Second Party System ended
- The Second Party System ended when the issues of slavery and anti-immigrant nativism weakened loyalties to the two major parties and fostered the emergence of sectional parties, most notably the Republican Party in the North.
- Two issues did it: slavery and anti-immigrant nativism — 5.5's two halves acting together.
- Sectional parties is the fatal phrase: a party that exists in one region cannot lose an election gracefully in the other.
第二个政党体系终结
- 当奴隶制与反移民的本土主义这两个问题削弱了对两大政党的忠诚,并促成了地区性政党——最显著的是北方的共和党——的出现时,第二个政党体系终结了。
- 是两个问题造成的:奴隶制与反移民的本土主义——5.5 的两半共同起了作用。
- 地区性政党是那个致命的措辞:一个只存在于一个地区的政党,无法在另一个地区体面地输掉一场选举。
Select both · 两者 issues that ended the Second Party System. · 选出终结第二个政党体系的两个问题。
5.5's two halves acting together. · 5.5 的两半共同起了作用。
Why national parties had held the union together
- A party with voters in every region must produce positions every region can live with, so it suppresses sectional demands.
- 4.8's Democrats and Whigs did exactly that, which is why the boundary question could be argued about for decades.
- Remove the national parties and nothing between the regions absorbs the disagreement any more.
全国性政党为何曾把联邦维系在一起
- 一个在每个地区都有选民的政党,必须提出每个地区都能接受的立场,因此它压制地区性的诉求。
- 4.8 的民主党与辉格党正是这样做的,这正是那个界限问题得以被争论数十年的原因。
- 移除全国性政党,各地区之间就再没有任何东西能够吸收这种分歧了。
Watch a party system break · 看着一个政党体系解体
By the 1850s slavery dominated politics, and the existing parties could not contain it. · 到 1850 年代,奴隶制主导了政治,既有政党无法容纳它。
A sectional party is fatal to the union because it... · 地区性政党之所以对联邦是致命的,因为它……
National parties had suppressed sectional demands. · 全国性政党曾压制地区性的诉求。
A national party suppresses sectional demands; a sectional party cannot. The Second Party System ended when slavery and nativism fostered the emergence of sectional parties, most notably the Republican Party in the North — and once that happened, nothing between the regions absorbed the disagreement.
全国性政党压制地区性诉求;地区性政党做不到。当奴隶制与本土主义促成了地区性政党——最显著的是北方的共和党——的出现时,第二个政党体系终结了——而一旦如此,各地区之间就再没有任何东西能吸收这种分歧。
A judicial ruling on territorial slavery mattered because it... · 一项关于领土上奴隶制的司法裁决之所以重要,是因为它……
4.2 established judicial primacy in interpretation. · 4.2 确立了司法部门在解释上的首要地位。
A court decision that removed an option
- 4.2 established that the judiciary claims the final word on what the Constitution means.
- So a judicial ruling on slavery in the territories does not merely add an opinion; it closes off legislative solutions.
- That is why the CED lists a court decision beside an act of Congress as attempts that failed together.
一项取消了选项的法院判决
- 4.2 确立了司法部门主张关于宪法含义的最终发言权。
- 因此一项关于领土上奴隶制的司法裁决,不只是增加了一种意见;它封死了立法上的解决办法。
- 这正是 CED 把一项法院判决与一项国会法案并列为一同失败的尝试的原因。
Put the political chain to war in order. · 把通往战争的政治链条排序。
The last link makes 5.7's election possible. · 最后一个环节使 5.7 的那场选举成为可能。
The political causes of the war
- The objective is the political causes of the Civil War — political, so the answer is about institutions and parties.
- The chain: territorial acquisition forces a binary question → compromise and court both fail → national parties break → sectional parties form.
- Four links, and the last one is what makes 5.7's election possible.
这场战争的政治成因
- 这一目标是内战的政治成因——是政治的,因此答案关乎制度与政党。
- 这条链:领土获取迫使一个二元问题 → 妥协与法院双双失败 → 全国性政党瓦解 → 地区性政党形成。
- 四个环节,而最后一个正是使 5.7 的那场选举成为可能的东西。
An organisation that needs votes in two places must find a sentence both will accept. Take away its need for the second place and the sentence disappears, along with the reason anyone was looking for it.
一个需要在两个地方获得选票的组织,必须找到一句两地都能接受的话。取消它对第二个地方的需要,这句话就消失了,连同任何人当初去寻找它的理由。
The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott decision, but these ultimately failed to reduce conflict. The Second Party System ended when the issues of slavery and anti-immigrant nativism weakened loyalties to the two major parties and fostered the emergence of sectional parties, most notably the Republican Party in the North.
法院与全国性领袖作出了各种尝试来解决领土上的奴隶制问题,其中包括《堪萨斯-内布拉斯加法案》与德雷德·斯科特案判决,但这些最终未能减少冲突。 当奴隶制与反移民的本土主义这两个问题削弱了对两大政党的忠诚,并促成了地区性政党——最显著的是北方的共和党——的出现时,第二个政党体系终结了。