剑桥 IGCSE IGCSE, A-Level & AP 练习单预览

第三时期：1754—1800

AP 美国历史 · 第 3 主题

训练
讲义 词汇表
3.1 3.2

第三时期的时代背景
大纲

3.1 Contextualizing Period 3

Learning ObjectivePreview: Unit 3 Key Concepts

Unit 3.A
Explain the context in which America gained independence and developed a sense of national identity.

  • KC-3.1 British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial resolve to pursue self-government led to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War.
    • KC-3.1.I The competition among the British, French, and American Indians for economic and political advantage in North America culminated in the Seven Years’ War (the French and Indian War), in which Britain defeated France and allied American Indians.
    • KC-3.1.II The desire of many colonists to assert ideals of self-government in the face of renewed British imperial efforts led to a colonial independence movement and war with Britain.
  • KC-3.2 The American Revolution’s democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government.
    • KC-3.2.I The ideals that inspired the revolutionary cause reflected new beliefs about politics, religion, and society that had been developing over the course of the 18th century.
    • KC-3.2.II After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence.
    • KC-3.2.III.i New forms of national culture and political institutions developed in the United States alongside continued regional variations and differences over economic, political, social, and foreign policy issues.
  • KC-3.3 Migration within North America and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified conflicts among peoples and nations.
    • KC-3.3.I In the decades after American independence, interactions among different groups resulted in competition for resources, shifting alliances, and cultural blending.
    • KC-3.3.II The continued presence of European powers in North America challenged the United States to find ways to safeguard its borders, maintain neutral trading rights, and promote its economic interests.

3.2 The Seven Years’ War (The French and Indian War)

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

WOR
America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.

Unit 3.B
Explain the causes and effects of the Seven Years’ War (the French and Indian War).

  • KC-3.1.I.A Colonial rivalry intensified between Britain and France in the mid-18th century, as the growing population of the British colonies expanded into the interior of North America, threatening French–Indian trade networks and American Indian autonomy.
  • KC-3.1.I.B Britain achieved a major expansion of its territorial holdings by defeating the French, but at tremendous expense, setting the stage for imperial efforts to raise revenue and consolidate control over the colonies.
  • KC-3.1.I.C After the British victory, imperial officials’ attempts to prevent colonists from moving westward generated colonial opposition, while native groups sought to both continue trading with Europeans and resist the encroachments of colonists on tribal lands.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

第三时期从 1754 年到 1800 年——从七年战争爆发到约翰·亚当斯任期结束。它包含美国革命,但考试把革命当作一个结果,所以要从它的起因讲起。

18 世纪中期,随着殖民地人口不断向西推进,英法之间的殖民竞争加剧。七年战争(Seven Years' War)在北美又称法印战争(French and Indian War),终结了这场角逐。

英国获胜,由此直接产生三个后果:

  • 领土大扩张(major expansion of territory)——法国被逐出北美大陆。
  • 巨额战争债务(enormous war debt),英国认为殖民地应帮忙偿还。
  • 限制西进,尤其是1763年公告线(Proclamation of 1763),本意是避免与美洲原住民发生代价高昂的冲突,却招致刚刚参战的殖民者不满,因为他们想要那片土地。

这正是考试想要的链条:胜利带来了债务与新领土,而管理这两者都需要对殖民地加强控制。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
Seven Years' War 七年战争 qī nián zhàn zhēng
French and Indian War 法印战争 fǎ yìn zhàn zhēng
major expansion of territory 领土大扩张 lǐng tǔ dà kuò zhāng
enormous war debt 巨额战争债务 jù é zhàn zhēng zhài wù
Proclamation of 1763 1763年公告线 1763 nián gōng gào xiàn
3.3

无代表不纳税
大纲

3.3 Taxation Without Representation

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

WOR
America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.

Unit 3.C
Explain how British colonial policies regarding North America led to the Revolutionary War.

  • KC-3.1.II.A The imperial struggles of the mid-18th century, as well as new British efforts to collect taxes without direct colonial representation or consent and to assert imperial authority in the colonies, began to unite the colonists against perceived and real constraints on their economic activities and political rights.
  • KC-3.1.II.B Colonial leaders based their calls for resistance to Britain on arguments about the rights of British subjects, the rights of the individual, local traditions of self-rule, and the ideas of the Enlightenment.
  • KC-3.1.II.C The effort for American independence was energized by colonial leaders such as Benjamin Franklin, as well as by popular movements that included the political activism of laborers, artisans, and women.
  • KC-3.1.II.D In the face of economic shortages and the British military occupation of some regions, men and women mobilized in large numbers to provide financial and material support to the Patriot movement.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

英国在未经殖民地议会同意的情况下征税(collect taxes),并强化帝国权威,由此激起了有组织的反抗。

殖民地领袖的论据建立在英国臣民的权利(rights of British subjects)、启蒙思想(ideals of the Enlightenment),以及他们自身长期的自治经验之上——即第二时期建立起来的那些议会。

反抗不只停留在论辩层面。面对物资短缺以及某些地区的英军军事占领(military occupation),男女(men and women)都参与其中:抵制英货、自制家用品、群众行动与通讯委员会。富兰克林(Benjamin Franklin)等领袖为这场运动注入了活力,而这一时期的口号是**"无代表不纳税"**(no taxation without representation)。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
collect taxes 征税 zhēng shuì
the rights of British subjects 英国臣民的权利 yīng guó chén mín de quán lì
ideals of the Enlightenment 启蒙思想 qǐ méng sī xiǎng
military occupation 军事占领 jūn shì zhàn lǐng
Benjamin Franklin 富兰克林 fù lán kè lín
"no taxation without representation" 无代表不纳税 wú dài biǎo bù nà shuì
3.4

美国革命的哲学基础
大纲

3.4 Philosophical Foundations of the American Revolution

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

NAT
American and National Identity — The development of and debates about democracy, freedom, citizenship, diversity, and individualism shape American national identity, cultural values, and beliefs about American exceptionalism, and in turn, these ideas shape political institutions and society. Throughout American history, notions of national identity and culture have coexisted with varying degrees of regional and group identities.

Unit 3.D
Explain how and why colonial attitudes about government and the individual changed in the years leading up to the American Revolution.

  • KC-3.2.I.A Enlightenment ideas and philosophy inspired many American political thinkers to emphasize individual talent over hereditary privilege, while religion strengthened Americans’ view of themselves as a people blessed with liberty.
  • KC-3.2.I.B The colonists’ belief in the superiority of republican forms of government based on the natural rights of the people found expression in Thomas Paine’s Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence. The ideas in these documents resonated throughout American history, shaping Americans’ understanding of the ideals on which the nation was based.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

启蒙运动(Enlightenment)思想促使美国政治思想家强调才能重于世袭特权(individual talent over hereditary privilege),并主张人民的天赋权利(natural rights)与人民主权(sovereignty of the people)。

在论述题中最能发挥作用的是两个观念:

  • 共和主义(republicanism)——政府建立在被统治者同意之上,公民必须以德行把公共利益置于私利之上。
  • 天赋权利——先于政府而存在的权利,政府因保护这些权利而设立,侵犯这些权利即构成反抗的正当理由。
词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
individual talent over hereditary privilege 才能重于世袭特权 cái néng zhòng yú shì xí tè quán
natural rights 天赋权利 tiān fù quán lì
sovereignty of the people 人民主权 rén mín zhǔ quán
Republicanism 共和主义 gòng hé zhǔ yì
3.5 3.6

美国革命
大纲

3.5 The American Revolution

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

WOR
America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.

Unit 3.E
Explain how various factors contributed to the American victory in the Revolution.

  • KC-3.1.II.E Despite considerable loyalist opposition, as well as Great Britain’s apparently overwhelming military and financial advantages, the Patriot cause succeeded because of the actions of colonial militias and the Continental Army, George Washington’s military leadership, the colonists’ ideological commitment and resilience, and assistance sent by European allies.

3.6 The Influence of Revolutionary Ideals

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

WOR
America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.

Unit 3.F
Explain the various ways the American Revolution affected society.

  • KC-3.2.I.C During and after the American Revolution, an increased awareness of inequalities in society motivated some individuals and groups to call for the abolition of slavery and greater political democracy in the new state and national governments.
  • KC-3.2.I.D In response to women’s participation in the American Revolution, Enlightenment ideas, and women’s appeals for expanded roles, an ideal of “republican motherhood” gained popularity. It called on women to teach republican values within the family and granted women a new importance in American political culture.

Unit 3.G
Describe the global impact of the American Revolution.

  • KC-3.2.I.E The American Revolution and the ideals set forth in the Declaration of Independence reverberated in France, Haiti, and Latin America, inspiring future independence movements.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

独立战争的胜利,来自殖民地的决心、复杂的地形,以及至关重要的外国援助(foreign assistance),尤其是法国的援助。

革命的理想随后传播得比其领袖预想的更远:

  • 它推动了废奴运动(movements to abolish slavery),尤其在北方,并促成了渐进解放的法律。
  • 它引发了关于妇女地位(status of women)的讨论,并体现为共和母亲身份(republican motherhood)的观念——妇女通过养育有德行的公民来塑造共和国。
  • 它影响了大西洋世界其他地区后来的革命。

与此同时,奴隶制的扩张继续深入南方腹地及其毗邻的西部土地,而反奴隶制(antislavery)情绪也在上升——这一矛盾是全课程反复回到的主题。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
foreign assistance 外国援助 wài guó yuán zhù
movements to abolish slavery 废奴运动 fèi nú yùn dòng
status of women 妇女地位 fù nǚ dì wèi
republican motherhood 共和母亲身份 gòng hé mǔ qīn shēn fèn
antislavery 反奴隶制 fǎn nú lì zhì
3.7 3.8 3.9

邦联条例
大纲

3.7 The Articles of Confederation

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

PCE
Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.

Unit 3.H
Explain how different forms of government developed and changed as a result of the Revolutionary Period.

  • KC-3.2.II.A Many new state constitutions placed power in the hands of the legislative branch and maintained property qualifications for voting and citizenship.
  • KC-3.2.II.B The Articles of Confederation unified the newly independent states, creating a central government with limited power. After the Revolution, difficulties over international trade, finances, interstate commerce, foreign relations, and internal unrest led to calls for a stronger central government.
  • KC-3.3.I.C As settlers moved westward during the 1780s, Congress enacted the Northwest Ordinance for admitting new states; the ordinance promoted public education, the protection of private property, and a ban on slavery in the Northwest Territory.

3.8 The Constitutional Convention and Debates over Ratification

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

PCE
Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.

Unit 3.I
Explain the differing ideological positions on the structure and function of the federal government.

  • KC-3.2.II.C.i Delegates from the states participated in the Constitutional Convention and through negotiation, collaboration, and compromise proposed a constitution.
  • KC-3.2.II.D The Constitutional Convention compromised over the representation of slave states in Congress and the role of the federal government in regulating both slavery and the slave trade, allowing the prohibition of the international slave trade after 1808.
  • KC-3.2.II.E In the debate over ratifying the Constitution, Anti-Federalists opposing ratification battled with Federalists, whose principles were articulated in the Federalist Papers (primarily written by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison). Federalists ensured the ratification of the Constitution by promising the addition of a Bill of Rights that enumerated individual rights and explicitly restricted the powers of the federal government.

3.9 The Constitution

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

PCE
Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.

Unit 3.J
Explain the continuities and changes in the structure and functions of the government with the ratification of the Constitution.

  • KC-3.2.II.C.ii Delegates from the states participated in the Constitutional Convention that created a limited but dynamic central government embodying federalism and providing for a separation of powers between its three branches.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

邦联条例与美国宪法在赋予中央政府权力方面的对比
宪法正是为修补一项项具体而明确的缺陷而制定的——每一行就是其中之一

宣布独立后,领袖们制定了体现共和理想的新宪法与权利宣言(constitutions and declarations of rights),普遍限制行政权力。

邦联条例(Articles of Confederation)有意设立了一个软弱的中央政府:无征税权、无贸易管理权、无行政首脑、无国家法院。它通过西北法令(Northwest Ordinance)成功组织了西部拓殖,却无法应对债务、贸易纠纷与骚乱。

1787 年的制宪会议(Constitutional Convention)建立起更强的国家政府,其基础是妥协(compromise),包括关于代表权的大妥协(Great Compromise),以及关于奴隶制与贸易的各项妥协。

批准(ratification)过程充满争议。联邦党人(Federalists)主张新政府既足够强大以进行治理,又受到足够制衡而不致危险;反联邦党人(Anti-Federalists)则担忧中央集权,要求保障个人自由,由此产生了权利法案(Bill of Rights)。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
constitutions and declarations of rights 宪法与权利宣言 xiàn fǎ yǔ quán lì xuān yán
Articles of Confederation 邦联条例 bāng lián tiáo lì
Northwest Ordinance 西北法令 xī běi fǎ lìng
Constitutional Convention 制宪会议 zhì xiàn huì yì
compromise 妥协 tuǒ xié
Great Compromise 大妥协 dà tuǒ xié
Ratification 批准 pī zhǔn
Federalists 联邦党人 lián bāng dǎng rén
Anti-Federalists 反联邦党人 fǎn lián bāng dǎng rén
Bill of Rights 权利法案 quán lì fǎ àn
3.10 3.11

新共和国的塑造
大纲

3.10 Shaping a New Republic

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

PCE
Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.

Unit 3.K
Explain how and why competition intensified conflicts among peoples and nations from 1754 to 1800.

  • KC-3.3.II.A The U.S. government forged diplomatic initiatives aimed at dealing with the continued British and Spanish presence in North America, as U.S. settlers migrated beyond the Appalachians and sought free navigation of the Mississippi River.
  • KC-3.3.II.B War between France and Britain resulting from the French Revolution presented challenges to the United States over issues of free trade and foreign policy and fostered political disagreement.
  • KC-3.3.I.E The Spanish, supported by the bonded labor of the local American Indians, expanded their mission settlements into California; these provided opportunities for social mobility among soldiers and led to new cultural blending.
  • KC-3.3.I.D An ambiguous relationship between the federal government and American Indian tribes contributed to problems regarding treaties and American Indian legal claims relating to the seizure of their lands.

Unit 3.L
Explain how and why political ideas, institutions, and party systems developed and changed in the new republic.

  • KC-3.2.III.A During the presidential administrations of George Washington and John Adams, political leaders created institutions and precedents that put the principles of the Constitution into practice.
  • KC-3.2.III.B Political leaders in the 1790s took a variety of positions on issues such as the relationship between the national government and the states, economic policy, foreign policy, and the balance between liberty and order. This led to the formation of political parties— most significantly the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, and the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
  • KC-3.3.II.C George Washington’s Farewell Address encouraged national unity, as he cautioned against political factions and warned about the danger of permanent foreign alliances.

3.11 Developing an American Identity

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

ARC
American and Regional Culture — Creative expression, demographic change, philosophy, religious beliefs, scientific ideas, social mores, and technology shape national, regional, and group cultures in America, and these varying cultures often play a role in shaping government policy and developing economic systems.

Unit 3.M
Explain the continuities and changes in American culture from 1754 to 1800.

  • KC-3.2.III.ii New forms of national culture developed in the United States alongside continued regional variations.
  • KC-3.2.III.D Ideas about national identity increasingly found expression in works of art, literature, and architecture.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

在华盛顿(George Washington)与亚当斯(John Adams)任内,政治领袖在联邦与各州的关系(relationship between the national and state governments)、经济政策与外交政策上分歧尖锐。这些分歧固化为第一政党体系(first party system)。

法国大革命(French Revolution)之后英法交战,迫使美国作出艰难抉择,政府也推行外交举措以应对英国与西班牙在北美的持续存在。华盛顿告别演说(Washington's Farewell Address)呼吁国家团结,并告诫要警惕党派纷争与永久性的外国同盟。

与此同时,一种独特的民族文化(national culture)在艺术、文学与建筑中形成,而区域差异依然存在。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
George Washington 华盛顿 huá shèng dùn
John Adams 亚当斯 yà dāng sī
relationship between the national and state governments 联邦与各州的关系 lián bāng yǔ gè zhōu de guān xì
first party system 第一政党体系 dì yī zhèng dǎng tǐ xì
French Revolution 法国大革命 fǎ guó dà gé mìng
Washington's Farewell Address 华盛顿告别演说 huá shèng dùn gào bié yǎn shuō
national culture 民族文化 mín zú wén huà
3.12

共和国早期的人口流动
大纲

3.12 Movement in the Early Republic

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

SOC
Social Structures — Social categories, roles, and practices are created, maintained, challenged, and transformed throughout American history, shaping government policy, economic systems, culture, and the lives of citizens.

Unit 3.N
Explain how and why migration and immigration to and within North America caused competition and conflict over time.

  • KC-3.3.I.A Various American Indian groups repeatedly evaluated and adjusted their alliances with Europeans, other tribes, and the United States, seeking to limit migration of white settlers and maintain control of tribal lands and natural resources. British alliances with American Indians contributed to tensions between the United States and Britain.
  • KC-3.3.I.B As increasing numbers of migrants from North America and other parts of the world continued to move westward, frontier cultures that had emerged in the colonial period continued to grow, fueling social, political, and ethnic tensions.

Unit 3.O
Explain the continuities and changes in regional attitudes about slavery as it expanded from 1754 to 1800.

  • KC-3.2.III.C The expansion of slavery in the deep South and adjacent western lands and rising antislavery sentiment began to create distinctive regional attitudes toward slavery.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

美洲原住民群体随形势变化,不断重新评估并调整结盟(evaluated and adjusted their alliances),对象包括欧洲列强与新生的美国。

越来越多的移民西迁,加剧了对资源、边界与贸易(resources, boundaries, and trade)的争夺。联邦政府与原住民部落之间的关系始终含混不清(ambiguous),导致冲突反复发生。在西南部,西班牙在当地原住民的强制劳动支持下扩展其传教团体系(mission system)。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
evaluated and adjusted their alliances 重新评估并调整结盟 chóng xīn píng gū bìng tiáo zhěng jié méng
resources, boundaries, and trade 资源、边界与贸易 zī yuán 、 biān jiè yǔ mào yì
ambiguous 含混不清 hán hùn bù qīng
mission system 传教团体系 chuán jiào tuán tǐ xì
3.13

第三时期的延续与变化
大纲

3.13 Continuity and Change in Period 3

Learning ObjectiveReview: Unit 3 Key Concepts

Unit 3.P
Explain how the American independence movement affected society from 1754 to 1800.

  • KC-3.1 British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial resolve to pursue self-government led to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War.
    • KC-3.1.I The competition among the British, French, and American Indians for economic and political advantage in North America culminated in the Seven Years’ War (the French and Indian War), in which Britain defeated France and allied American Indians.
    • KC-3.1.II The desire of many colonists to assert ideals of self-government in the face of renewed British imperial efforts led to a colonial independence movement and war with Britain.
  • KC-3.2 The American Revolution’s democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government.
    • KC-3.2.I The ideals that inspired the revolutionary cause reflected new beliefs about politics, religion, and society that had been developing over the course of the 18th century.
    • KC-3.2.II After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence.
    • KC-3.2.III.i New forms of national culture and political institutions developed in the United States alongside continued regional variations and differences over economic, political, social, and foreign policy issues.
  • KC-3.3 Migration within North America and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified conflicts among peoples and nations.
    • KC-3.3.I In the decades after American independence, interactions among different groups resulted in competition for resources, shifting alliances, and cultural blending.
    • KC-3.3.II The continued presence of European powers in North America challenged the United States to find ways to safeguard its borders, maintain neutral trading rights, and promote its economic interests.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

本时期考查的推理能力是延续与变化(continuity and change)。最好的答案会兼顾两者:政治制度发生了根本变化,而奴隶制、西进扩张以及与原住民的冲突则延续甚至加剧。

**Worked example(一道真实的 AP 考题)。**2025 年的试题在一道简答题的 B 问中要求:*「简要描述 1754 至 1765 年间七年战争的一项影响。」满分答案会点出一项影响,并显示它确实是"影响":「英国在战后背负巨额债务,促使议会对殖民地开征《印花税法》等新税,以支付帝国防务开支。」*注意其结构:describe one effect 需要把因果关系写出来,而不只是给出该时期的一个事实。"英国赢得了战争"是结果而非对后续的影响;"殖民者很愤怒"则过于笼统,无法得分。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
continuity and change 延续与变化 yán xù yǔ biàn huà
3.13

考试技巧
  • 记住这条因果链:战争 → 债务与新领土 → 税收与1763年公告线 → 殖民地反抗 → 独立。
  • 要点名共和主义与天赋权利这两个观念,不要只笼统地写"启蒙思想"。
  • 谈宪法时,要从它所修补的具体缺陷入手论证——无征税权、无贸易管理权、无行政首脑。
  • 分清联邦党人与反联邦党人的立场,并记住权利法案是换取批准的代价。
  • 革命对奴隶制与妇女的影响都在考查范围内,而且都是局部的:理想传播的范围超过了权利实际扩展的范围。
  • 面对"延续与变化"类题目,两方面各写一项。只罗列变化的答案只回答了一半。

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