A Republic Among Rivals · 对手中的共和国
Diplomacy with empires still present
- The U.S. government forged diplomatic initiatives aimed at dealing with the continued British and Spanish presence in North America, as U.S. settlers migrated beyond the Appalachians and sought free navigation of the Mississippi River.
- Continued presence is the point: independence did not empty the continent of empires.
- And the two named colonial objectives — land beyond the mountains, and a river outlet — are what the diplomacy was for.
与仍然在场的帝国打交道
- 美国政府推动了一系列外交举措,以应对英国与西班牙在北美的持续存在,与此同时美国定居者越过阿巴拉契亚山脉迁徙,并寻求密西西比河的自由通航。
- 持续存在是关键:独立并没有让这块大陆上的帝国消失。
- 而两项被点名的目标——山脉以外的土地,以及一个河流出海口——正是这些外交举措的目的所在。
Select both · 两者 settler objectives the CED's diplomacy served. · 选择CED的外交所服务的两个定居者目标。
Independence did not empty the continent of empires. · 独立并没有使这个大陆摆脱帝国。
A European war divides Americans
- War between France and Britain resulting from the French Revolution presented challenges to the United States over issues of free trade and foreign policy and fostered political disagreement.
- So the first great foreign-policy question of the republic was which side, if any, and it produced domestic division.
- That is the direct link to the party formation in this same subtopic.
一场欧洲战争分裂了美国人
- 由法国大革命引发的英法战争,在自由贸易与外交政策问题上给美国带来了挑战,并助长了政治分歧。
- 因此这个共和国最初的重大外交政策问题是站在哪一边,或者不站边,而它产生了国内的分裂。
- 这与本小节中政党的形成直接相连。
Select all · 所有 four issue areas that produced the parties. · 选择所有四个产生政党的议题领域。
The CED derives parties from issues, not personalities. · CED从议题而非个人推导出了政党。
Spain in California, and an ambiguous relationship
- The Spanish, supported by the bonded labour of the local American Indians, expanded their mission settlements into California; these provided opportunities for social mobility among soldiers and led to new cultural blending.
- An ambiguous relationship between the federal government and American Indian tribes contributed to problems regarding treaties and American Indian legal claims relating to the seizure of their lands.
- Ambiguous is the CED's own diagnosis: the legal status of tribes was unresolved, and that unresolved status produced the disputes.
西班牙在加利福尼亚,以及一种含混的关系
- 西班牙人在当地美洲印第安人劳役的支持下,把他们的传教定居点扩展到加利福尼亚;这些定居点为士兵提供了社会流动的机会,并带来了新的文化融合。
- 联邦政府与美洲印第安部落之间一种含混的关系,导致了在条约以及与其土地被夺取相关的美洲印第安人法律主张方面的问题。
- 含混是 CED 自己的诊断:部落的法律地位未被解决,而这种未解决的地位产生了那些争端。
Foreign relations, native relations, or domestic politics? · 外交关系、原住民关系还是国内政治？
Sort each element of the new republic's first decade. · 对新共和国第一个十年的每个元素进行排序。
Match each party to its leaders, per the CED. · 根据CED将每个政党与其领导人匹配。
Most significantly, in the CED's own phrase. · 最重要的是，用CED自己的话来说。
The CED derives parties from issues, not personalities. Leaders took positions on the relationship between the national government and the states, economic policy, foreign policy, and the balance between liberty and order — and this led to the parties, so an answer built on Hamilton-versus-Jefferson as a rivalry has skipped the CED's own explanation.
CED 从问题而不是从人物推导出政党。领袖们在国家政府与各州的关系、经济政策、外交政策,以及自由与秩序之间的平衡上持有立场——而这导致了政党,因此把汉密尔顿与杰斐逊之争当作个人对立来立论的答案,跳过了 CED 自己的解释。
Select both · 两者 cautions in Washington's Farewell Address. · 选择华盛顿告别演说中的两个警告。
They match the two developments of this subtopic exactly. · 它们与该子话题的两个发展完全吻合。
Institutions, then parties
- During the presidential administrations of George Washington and John Adams, political leaders created institutions and precedents that put the principles of the Constitution into practice.
- Political leaders in the 1790s took a variety of positions on issues such as the relationship between the national government and the states, economic policy, foreign policy, and the balance between liberty and order. This led to the formation of political parties — most significantly the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, and the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
- The CED derives parties from issues, not from personalities, and it names four issue areas.
先有制度,后有政党
- 在乔治·华盛顿与约翰·亚当斯担任总统期间,政治领袖创建了一些制度与先例,把宪法的原则付诸实践。
- 1790 年代的政治领袖在国家政府与各州的关系、经济政策、外交政策,以及自由与秩序之间的平衡等问题上持有各种立场。这导致了政党的形成——其中最重要的是由亚历山大·汉密尔顿领导的联邦党,以及由托马斯·杰斐逊与詹姆斯·麦迪逊领导的民主共和党。
- CED 从问题而不是从人物推导出政党,并点出了四个问题领域。
The CED calls the federal-tribal relationship , and that is its diagnosis of the disputes. · CED称联邦与部落的关系为，这也是其对争端的诊断。
The legal status of tribes was unresolved. · 部落的法律地位未定。
And a warning about both
- George Washington's Farewell Address encouraged national unity, as he cautioned against political factions and warned about the danger of permanent foreign alliances.
- Two cautions, and they match the two developments in this subtopic exactly: parties at home, entanglement abroad.
- So the Address is best read as a comment on 3.10 itself, not as a general piece of advice.
以及一个针对两者的告诫
- 乔治·华盛顿的告别演说鼓励民族团结,他告诫要提防政治派系,并警告永久性外国同盟的危险。
- 两项告诫,而它们与本小节中的两项发展完全对应:国内的政党,国外的纠缠。
- 因此这篇演说最好被读作对 3.10 本身的评论,而不是一段泛泛的忠告。
Four questions arrive at once: how strong the centre should be, what to do about debt, whose side to take in someone else's war, and how much order liberty can stand. Anyone who answers all four the same way as you is now your party.
四个问题同时到来:中央应当有多强、债务怎么办、在别人的战争里站哪一边,以及自由能承受多少秩序。凡是四个问题都与你答得一样的人,如今就是你的政党。
The U.S. government forged diplomatic initiatives aimed at dealing with the continued British and Spanish presence in North America, while war between France and Britain... presented challenges over free trade and foreign policy and fostered political disagreement. An ambiguous relationship between the federal government and American Indian tribes contributed to problems regarding treaties and... the seizure of their lands. Leaders' positions on four issue areas led to the formation of political parties — most significantly the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, and the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison — and Washington's Farewell Address... cautioned against political factions and warned about the danger of permanent foreign alliances.
美国政府推动了一系列外交举措,以应对英国与西班牙在北美的持续存在,而由法国大革命引发的英法战争……在自由贸易与外交政策上带来了挑战,并助长了政治分歧。联邦政府与美洲印第安部落之间一种含混的关系,导致了在条约以及……其土地被夺取方面的问题。领袖们在四个问题领域上的立场导致了政党的形成——其中最重要的是由汉密尔顿领导的联邦党,以及由杰斐逊与麦迪逊领导的民主共和党——而华盛顿的告别演说……告诫要提防政治派系,并警告永久性外国同盟的危险。