Convention and Ratification · 制宪会议与批准
Three methods, named
- Delegates from the states participated in the Constitutional Convention and through negotiation, collaboration, and compromise proposed a constitution.
- The CED names the process — negotiation, collaboration, compromise — before naming any result.
- Proposed is exact: the Convention produced a proposal, and 3.8's last bullet is about whether it would be accepted.
被点名的三种方法
- 各州代表参加了制宪会议,并通过谈判、协作与妥协提出了一部宪法。
- CED 在点出任何结果之前,先点出了过程——谈判、协作、妥协。
- 提出很精确:制宪会议产生的是一份提案,而 3.8 的最后一条关乎它是否会被接受。
Select all · 所有 three methods the CED names for the Convention. · 选出 CED 为制宪会议点名的全部三种方法。
Named before any result. · 在任何结果之前被点出。
What was compromised over
- The Constitutional Convention compromised over the representation of slave states in Congress and the role of the federal government in regulating both slavery and the slave trade, allowing the prohibition of the international slave trade after 1808.
- Three subjects of compromise: representation, federal regulation of slavery, and the slave trade, with a dated provision.
- After 1808 is a delay written into the document — a decision to postpone a decision, and it is worth naming as such.
所妥协的对象
- 制宪会议在蓄奴州在国会中的代表权,以及联邦政府在规范奴隶制与奴隶贸易方面的作用上作出了妥协,允许在 1808 年之后禁止国际奴隶贸易。
- 三项妥协的对象:代表权、联邦对奴隶制的规范,以及奴隶贸易,并附有一项有年代的条款。
- 1808 年之后是写进文件里的一段延迟——一项推迟决定的决定,而如实这样称呼它是值得的。
Select all · 所有 the subjects of compromise the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的所有妥协对象。
With a dated provision: after 1808. · 并附有一项有年代的条款:1808 年之后。
Two sides in the ratification debate
- In the debate over ratifying the Constitution, Anti-Federalists opposing ratification battled with Federalists, whose principles were articulated in the Federalist Papers (primarily written by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison).
- The CED names the documents and the authors, and it names the opposing side first.
- So ratification was contested, not automatic — an important corrective to reading the Constitution as inevitable.
批准之争的两方
- 在批准宪法的辩论中,反对批准的反联邦党人与联邦党人展开较量,后者的原则在《联邦党人文集》(主要由亚历山大·汉密尔顿与詹姆斯·麦迪逊撰写)中得到阐述。
- CED 点出了这些文件与作者,而且先点出了反对的一方。
- 因此批准是有争议的,不是自动完成的——这是对把宪法读作必然之物的一项重要纠正。
Build the Constitution out of the Articles' failures · 从邦联条例的失败中造出宪法
Each clause of the new document answers a specific thing the Articles could not do. · 新文件的每一条都在回应邦联条例做不到的某件具体的事。
The Federalist Papers were primarily written by Alexander Hamilton and James . · 《联邦党人文集》主要由亚历山大·汉密尔顿与詹姆斯· 撰写。
The CED names the documents and the authors. · CED 点出了这些文件与作者。
The Anti-Federalists won something by losing. Federalists ensured ratification by promising the addition of a Bill of Rights that enumerated individual rights and explicitly restricted the powers of the federal government — so the Bill of Rights is the price of ratification, not an afterthought.
反联邦党人虽败犹有所得。联邦党人通过承诺增补一份列举个人权利并明确限制联邦政府权力的《权利法案》来确保批准——因此《权利法案》是批准的代价,不是事后的补充。
Select both · 两者 functions of the promised Bill of Rights. · 选出所承诺的《权利法案》的两项功能。
Listing rights, and limiting powers — two different things. · 罗列权利与限制权力——两件不同的事。
The Bill of Rights as the price
- Federalists ensured the ratification of the Constitution by promising the addition of a Bill of Rights that enumerated individual rights and explicitly restricted the powers of the federal government.
- The CED makes it a promise made to secure ratification, which means the Anti-Federalists won something by losing.
- Enumerated and explicitly restricted are the two functions, and they are different: listing rights, and limiting powers.
作为代价的《权利法案》
- 联邦党人通过承诺增补一份《权利法案》来确保宪法获得批准,该法案列举了个人权利,并明确限制了联邦政府的权力。
- CED 把它写成一项为确保批准而作出的承诺,这意味着反联邦党人虽败犹有所得。
- 列举与明确限制是两项功能,而它们并不相同:一是罗列权利,二是限制权力。
Ratification was contested, not automatic. · 批准是有争议的,不是自动完成的。
An important corrective to reading the Constitution as inevitable. · 这是对把宪法读作必然之物的一项重要纠正。
Differing ideological positions
- The objective is the differing ideological positions on the structure and function of the federal government.
- Federalists: a stronger centre is needed for the difficulties 3.7 listed, and its powers can be structured safely.
- Anti-Federalists: a distant strong government is the danger the Revolution was fought about, so rights must be written down.
不同的意识形态立场
- 这一目标是关于联邦政府结构与职能的不同意识形态立场。
- 联邦党人:为应对 3.7 所列的那些困难,需要一个更强的中央,而它的权力可以被安全地结构化。
- 反联邦党人:一个遥远的强势政府正是革命所反对的危险,因此权利必须被写下来。
A clause that postpones a question to a fixed future date has not answered it; it has agreed that nobody present can. Reading such a clause as a settlement misses that it was written precisely because there was none.
一条把某个问题推迟到一个确定未来日期的条款,并没有回答它;它只是承认在场的人谁也回答不了。把这样的条款读作一项定案,就错过了它之所以被写下,恰恰是因为并不存在定案。
Delegates... through negotiation, collaboration, and compromise proposed a constitution, compromising over the representation of slave states in Congress and the role of the federal government in regulating both slavery and the slave trade, allowing the prohibition of the international slave trade after 1808. Anti-Federalists opposing ratification battled with Federalists, whose principles were articulated in the Federalist Papers, and Federalists ensured ratification by promising the addition of a Bill of Rights that enumerated individual rights and explicitly restricted the powers of the federal government.
各州代表……通过谈判、协作与妥协提出了一部宪法,并在蓄奴州在国会中的代表权,以及联邦政府在规范奴隶制与奴隶贸易方面的作用上作出妥协,允许在 1808 年之后禁止国际奴隶贸易。反对批准的反联邦党人与联邦党人展开较量,后者的原则在《联邦党人文集》中得到阐述,而联邦党人通过承诺增补一份列举个人权利并明确限制联邦政府权力的《权利法案》来确保批准。