Limited but Dynamic · 有限但充满活力
Four words describe the new government
- Delegates from the states participated in the Constitutional Convention that created a limited but dynamic central government embodying federalism and providing for a separation of powers between its three branches.
- Limited but dynamic is a deliberate pairing: bounded in what it may do, capable in what it does.
- Federalism and separation of powers are the two structural devices that make that pairing possible.
四个词描述这个新政府
- 各州代表参加了制宪会议,该会议创建了一个有限却富有活力的中央政府,它体现了联邦制,并规定了三个部门之间的分权。
- 有限却富有活力是一次有意的配对:在可以做什么上有边界,在所做之事上有能力。
- 联邦制与分权正是使这一配对成为可能的两项结构性装置。
Select both · 两者 structural devices the CED names. · 选择CED提到的两个结构手段。
One divides power vertically, the other horizontally. · 一个是纵向分权，另一个是横向分权。
Federalism divides power vertically
- Federalism assigns some powers to the national government and leaves others with the states.
- That answers 3.7's difficulty — interstate commerce and foreign relations need a centre — without abolishing the states.
- So it is a solution to a specific problem, not an abstract principle chosen for elegance.
联邦制在纵向上分割权力
- 联邦制把一些权力分配给国家政府,把另一些留给各州。
- 这回应了 3.7 的困难——州际商业与外交关系需要一个中央——而不废除各州。
- 因此它是对一个具体问题的解决方案,不是出于优雅而选择的抽象原则。
'Limited but dynamic' means the government is... · ‘Limited but dynamic（有限但充满活力）’意味着政府是...
Both halves are load-bearing. · 两半部分都是承重结构。
Separation of powers divides it horizontally
- A separation of powers between its three branches means no single body holds the whole authority of the centre.
- That answers the Anti-Federalist objection of 3.8: a strong government need not be an unchecked one.
- Together the two devices explain how a government can be stronger than the Articles' and still be limited.
分权在横向上分割权力
- 三个部门之间的分权意味着没有任何单一机构掌握中央的全部权威。
- 这回应了 3.8 中反联邦党人的反对:一个强势政府未必是一个不受制约的政府。
- 这两项装置合在一起,解释了一个政府如何能够比《邦联条例》的更强,同时仍然是有限的。
A structural device, a change, or a continuity? · 是一种结构手段、一种变革还是一种延续？
Sort each element of the new constitutional order. · 对每个新宪法秩序的元素进行排序。
Federalism answers 3.7's difficulty by... · 联邦制通过...解决了3.7中的困难
A solution to a specific problem. · 针对特定问题的解决方案。
"Limited but dynamic" is a deliberate pairing, and both halves are load-bearing. Federalism divides power vertically and the separation of powers divides it horizontally — together they explain how a government stronger than the Articles' could still be limited.
"有限却富有活力"是一次有意的配对,而两半都是承重的。联邦制在纵向上分割权力,分权在横向上分割权力——两者合在一起,解释了一个比《邦联条例》更强的政府为何仍然可以是有限的。
Select all · 所有 the continuities this lesson names. · 选择本课提到的所有连续性。
The Articles were replaced. · 《邦联条例》被取代了。
Continuity as well as change
- The objective asks for continuities and changes in the structure and functions of government.
- Change: a central government with real powers, three branches, and a written supreme law.
- Continuity: the states persist with their own constitutions, property qualifications remain, and legislative primacy carries over from 3.7.
既有变化也有延续
- 这一目标要求的是政府结构与职能上的延续与变化。
- 变化:一个拥有实际权力的中央政府、三个部门,以及一部成文的最高法。
- 延续:各州及其自身宪法继续存在、财产资格限制仍在,而立法机关的首要地位从 3.7 延续下来。
The Constitution changed who could act nationally without changing who could . · 宪法改变了谁能在全国层面行动，但未改变谁能。
Accurate, in the CED, and it sets up unit 4. · 准确，在CED中，并为第4单元奠定基础。
Writing continuity and change
- Pair each change with the continuity beside it, and the answer stops sounding like a founding myth.
- The strongest single sentence: the Constitution changed who could act nationally without changing who could vote.
- That is accurate, it is in the CED, and it sets up unit 4's arguments about democracy.
书写延续与变化
- 把每一项变化与它旁边的延续配成一对,答案就不再像一则建国神话。
- 最有力的一句话是:宪法改变了谁可以在全国层面行动,却没有改变谁可以投票。
- 这是准确的,它写在 CED 里,而且为第四单元关于民主的论争作了铺垫。
A government can be given a long list of things it may do and a short list of bodies that may do any of them alone. The first list makes it capable; the second makes it safe. Removing either one changes the design completely.
可以给一个政府一份很长的"可以做什么"的清单,和一份很短的"谁可以独自做其中任何一件"的名单。前一份使它有能力;后一份使它安全。去掉其中任何一份,都会彻底改变这个设计。
Delegates from the states participated in the Constitutional Convention that created a limited but dynamic central government embodying federalism and providing for a separation of powers between its three branches. Federalism divides power vertically (nation and states), separation of powers divides it horizontally (three branches) — and the strongest continuity-and-change sentence is that the Constitution changed who could act nationally without changing who could vote.
各州代表参加了制宪会议,该会议创建了一个有限却富有活力的中央政府,它体现了联邦制,并规定了三个部门之间的分权。联邦制在纵向上分割权力(国家与各州),分权在横向上分割权力(三个部门)——而最有力的一句延续与变化陈述是:宪法改变了谁可以在全国层面行动,却没有改变谁可以投票。