From Policy to War · 从政策到战争
What united the colonists
- The imperial struggles of the mid-18th century, as well as new British efforts to collect taxes without direct colonial representation or consent and to assert imperial authority in the colonies, began to unite the colonists against perceived and real constraints on their economic activities and political rights.
- Perceived and real is the CED being precise: some constraints existed, some were feared, and both mobilised people.
- Began to unite is careful too — union was a process, and 2.8 showed how different the regions were.
是什么把殖民者联合起来
- 18 世纪中叶的帝国斗争,以及英国在没有殖民地直接代表或同意的情况下征税并在殖民地伸张帝国权威的新努力,开始使殖民者联合起来,反对他们经济活动与政治权利上被感知到的与真实存在的种种约束。
- 被感知到的与真实存在的是 CED 在保持精确:有些约束确实存在,有些只是被担心,而两者都动员了人们。
- 开始使……联合也很谨慎——联合是一个过程,而 2.8 已显示各区域有多么不同。
Select all · 所有 four grounds for resistance the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的全部四条抵抗理由。
The first is an argument made from inside the empire's own law. · 第一条是从帝国自身法律内部提出的论证。
Four grounds for resistance
- Colonial leaders based their calls for resistance to Britain on arguments about the rights of British subjects, the rights of the individual, local traditions of self-rule, and the ideas of the Enlightenment.
- The first ground is the striking one: the rights of British subjects — an argument made from inside the empire's own law.
- 2.7 explained where all four came from, and three of them arrived through Anglicisation.
抵抗的四条理由
- 殖民地领袖为其抵抗英国的呼吁所依据的,是关于英国臣民权利、个人权利、地方自治传统与启蒙观念的论证。
- 第一条理由最引人注目:英国臣民的权利——一个从帝国自身法律内部提出的论证。
- 2.7 解释了这四者的来源,而其中三者是通过英国化到来的。
'Perceived and real constraints' means... · "被感知到的与真实存在的约束"意味着……
The CED being precise, not vague. · CED 在保持精确,不是含糊。
Leaders and popular movements
- The effort for American independence was energised by colonial leaders such as Benjamin Franklin, as well as by popular movements that included the political activism of labourers, artisans, and women.
- The CED names a leader and three groups of ordinary participants in one sentence.
- So an answer built only on famous names has left out half of what the CED credits.
领袖与民众运动
- 美国独立的努力,既由本杰明·富兰克林等殖民地领袖所推动,也由包括劳工、工匠与女性的政治行动主义在内的民众运动所推动。
- CED 在一句话里既点出一位领袖,也点出三类普通参与者。
- 因此只建立在著名人名之上的答案,漏掉了 CED 所记功之事的一半。
Trace policy into resistance · 从政策一路追到反抗
Colonial resistance is a response to a change in enforcement, not to the existence of the laws. · 殖民地的反抗是对执行方式改变的回应,而不是对法律存在本身的回应。
Select all · 所有 three groups of ordinary participants the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的全部三类普通参与者。
An answer built only on famous names leaves out half the credit. · 只建立在著名人名之上的答案,漏掉了一半的功劳。
"Perceived and real" is the CED being precise, not vague. Some constraints on colonial economic activity and political rights existed and some were feared — and both mobilised people, which is why the phrase is worth reproducing rather than trimming.
"被感知到的与真实存在的"是 CED 在保持精确,不是含糊。对殖民地经济活动与政治权利的约束,有些确实存在,有些只是被担心——而两者都动员了人们,这正是这一措辞值得照样再现而不是删减的原因。
Select both · 两者 conditions under which material support was given. · 选出给予物质支持时所处的两项条件。
The unglamorous half of a war effort. · 一场战争努力中不那么光鲜的一半。
Mobilisation was material as well as political
- In the face of economic shortages and the British military occupation of some regions, men and women mobilised in large numbers to provide financial and material support to the Patriot movement.
- Financial and material support is the unglamorous half of a war effort, and the CED insists on it.
- It also names the conditions — shortages and occupation — under which that support was given.
动员既是政治的也是物质的
- 面对经济上的短缺以及英军对部分地区的军事占领,男女大量动员起来,为爱国者运动提供财政与物质上的支持。
- 财政与物质上的支持是一场战争努力中不那么光鲜的一半,而 CED 坚持要提到它。
- 它还点出了给予这种支持的条件——短缺与占领。
The CED says these efforts ____ to unite the colonists — union was a process. · CED 说这些努力 ____ 使殖民者联合起来——联合是一个过程。
2.8 showed how different the regions were. · 2.8 已显示各区域有多么不同。
How policies led to war
- The objective is how British colonial policies regarding North America led to the Revolutionary War.
- The chain: taxation without representation and assertions of authority → a shared grievance across regions → arguments justifying resistance → mobilisation by leaders and ordinary people.
- Four links, each supplied by a CED bullet, and stating them in order is the answer.
政策如何导致战争
- 这一目标是英国关于北美的殖民地政策如何导致了独立战争。
- 这条链:无代表的征税与权威的伸张 → 跨区域的共同不满 → 为抵抗辩护的论证 → 领袖与普通人的动员。
- 四个环节,每一个都由一条 CED 要点提供,而按顺序陈述它们就是答案。
An argument that begins "as English subjects we are entitled to…" is not a rejection of the empire; it is a demand to be treated by its own rules. It becomes a revolution only when the answer is no.
一个以"作为英国臣民,我们有权……"开头的论证,并不是对帝国的拒斥;它是要求按帝国自己的规则来对待自己。只有当答案是"不"的时候,它才变成一场革命。
New British efforts to collect taxes without direct colonial representation or consent and to assert imperial authority... began to unite the colonists against perceived and real constraints on their economic activities and political rights. Resistance was argued from the rights of British subjects, the rights of the individual, local traditions of self-rule, and the ideas of the Enlightenment, and was energised by colonial leaders such as Benjamin Franklin, as well as by popular movements that included the political activism of labourers, artisans, and women, who provided financial and material support.
英国在没有殖民地直接代表或同意的情况下征税并伸张帝国权威的新努力……开始使殖民者联合起来,反对他们经济活动与政治权利上被感知到的与真实存在的种种约束。抵抗所依据的论证来自英国臣民的权利、个人权利、地方自治传统与启蒙观念,并由本杰明·富兰克林等殖民地领袖以及包括劳工、工匠与女性的政治行动主义在内的民众运动所推动,他们提供了财政与物质上的支持。