Reconstruction's Policies · 重建的政策
A change in the federal relationship
- Reconstruction altered relationships between the states and the federal government and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities.
- Two effects: a structural one (state-federal relations) and a definitional one (what citizenship means).
- Women, and other minorities are named alongside African Americans, so the citizenship debate was wider than one group.
联邦关系的一次改变
- 重建改变了各州与联邦政府之间的关系,并引发了关于公民身份新定义的辩论,尤其是关于非裔美国人、女性与其他少数群体的权利。
- 两项效果:一项是结构性的(州与联邦的关系),一项是定义性的(公民身份意味着什么)。
- 女性与其他少数群体与非裔美国人被并列点出,因此这场公民身份辩论比一个群体更宽。
Select all · 所有 three things the 14th and 15th amendments granted. · 选出第十四与第十五条修正案所赋予的全部三样东西。
They are distinct, and 5.11 shows them stripped at different rates. · 它们是各自不同的,而 5.11 显示它们被以不同的速度剥夺。
Three amendments, three provisions
- The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, while the 14th and 15th amendments granted African Americans citizenship, equal protection under the laws, and voting rights.
- Three things granted: citizenship, equal protection, and voting rights — they are distinct, and 5.11 shows them stripped away at different rates.
- The 13th settles what the war was fought over; the 14th and 15th open the question the war did not settle.
三条修正案,三项规定
- 第十三条修正案废除了奴隶制,而第十四与第十五条修正案赋予非裔美国人公民身份、法律的平等保护与投票权。
- 所赋予的三样东西:公民身份、平等保护与投票权——它们是各自不同的,而 5.11 显示它们被以不同的速度剥夺。
- 第十三条解决了这场战争所争之事;第十四与第十五条则打开了这场战争没有解决的那个问题。
The women's rights movement was... · 女性权利运动……
One event, two opposite effects on the same movement. · 同一件事,对同一场运动产生两种相反的效果。
The women's movement was divided
- The women's rights movement was both emboldened and divided over the 14th and 15th amendments to the Constitution.
- Both emboldened and divided — one event with two opposite effects on the same movement.
- 4.11 already recorded arguments over whether to narrow the goals; this is that argument reaching a constitutional moment.
女性运动出现了分裂
- 女性权利运动因宪法第十四与第十五条修正案而既受到鼓舞,也发生了分裂。
- 既受到鼓舞也发生了分裂——同一件事对同一场运动产生了两种相反的效果。
- 4.11 已经记录了关于是否把目标收窄的争论;这正是那场争论抵达一个宪制时刻。
Walk the Reconstruction arc · 走一遍重建的时间轴
Five years of guarantees, thirty of dismantling — and none of the three amendments was repealed. · 五年的保障,三十年的拆解——三条修正案没有一条被废除。
Select both · 两者 causes of Reconstruction's ultimate failure. · 选出重建最终失败的两项成因。
Leaving out the second turns a national failure into a regional one. · 漏掉第二项,就把一场全国性的失败变成了一场地区性的失败。
The CED names both causes of Reconstruction's failure. It failed due both to determined Southern resistance and the North's waning resolve — the second is the one most answers omit, and leaving it out turns a national failure into a regional one.
CED 点出了重建失败的两项成因。它的失败既在于南方坚决的抵抗,也在于北方决心的消退——第二项正是大多数答案会略去的,而漏掉它,就把一场全国性的失败变成了一场地区性的失败。
Select all · 所有 the groups the citizenship debate concerned. · 选出这场公民身份辩论所涉及的所有群体。
Wider than one group. · 比一个群体更宽。
Short-term successes, ultimate failure
- Efforts by radical and moderate Republicans to change the balance of power between Congress and the presidency and to reorder race relations in the defeated South yielded some short-term successes.
- Reconstruction opened up political opportunities and other leadership roles to formerly enslaved persons but it ultimately failed, due both to determined Southern resistance and the North's waning resolve.
- Both causes are named, and the second — the North's waning resolve — is the one most answers omit.
短期的成功,最终的失败
- 激进派与温和派共和党人为改变国会与总统之间的权力平衡、并重新安排战败南方的种族关系所作的努力,取得了一些短期成功。
- 重建为曾被奴役者打开了政治机会与其他领导职位,但它最终失败了,原因既在于南方坚决的抵抗,也在于北方决心的消退。
- 两项成因都被点出,而第二项——北方决心的消退——正是大多数答案会略去的。
Reconstruction opened political opportunities and leadership roles to formerly ____ persons. · 重建为曾被 ____ 者打开了政治机会与领导职位。
A short-term success, in the CED's own framing. · 按 CED 自己的表述,这是一项短期的成功。
Effects of policy on society
- The objective is the effects of government policy during Reconstruction on society from 1865 to 1877.
- Effects: slavery abolished, citizenship and rights granted, offices opened to formerly enslaved persons, and a movement emboldened and divided.
- End on the CED's own verdict — short-term successes and ultimate failure, with both causes named.
政策对社会的效果
- 这一目标是1865 至 1877 年间重建期间政府政策对社会的效果。
- 效果:奴隶制被废除、公民身份与权利被赋予、公职向曾被奴役者开放,以及一场运动既受鼓舞又发生分裂。
- 以 CED 自己的判断收尾——短期的成功与最终的失败,并把两项成因都点出。
A policy that requires sustained attention from a distant capital fails not only when it is resisted but when the capital stops looking. Both conditions have to hold, and only one of them is anyone's decision at the time.
一项需要遥远的首都持续关注的政策,不仅在遭到抵抗时会失败,在首都不再看它时也会失败。这两个条件必须同时成立,而其中只有一个在当时是某个人的决定。
Reconstruction altered relationships between the states and the federal government and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities. The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, while the 14th and 15th amendments granted African Americans citizenship, equal protection under the laws, and voting rights. The women's rights movement was both emboldened and divided over the 14th and 15th amendments. Reconstruction opened up political opportunities and other leadership roles to formerly enslaved persons but it ultimately failed, due both to determined Southern resistance and the North's waning resolve.
重建改变了各州与联邦政府之间的关系,并引发了关于公民身份新定义的辩论,尤其是关于非裔美国人、女性与其他少数群体的权利。 第十三条修正案废除了奴隶制,而第十四与第十五条修正案赋予非裔美国人公民身份、法律的平等保护与投票权。 女性权利运动因第十四与第十五条修正案而既受到鼓舞,也发生了分裂。重建为曾被奴役者打开了政治机会与其他领导职位,但它最终失败了,原因既在于南方坚决的抵抗,也在于北方决心的消退。