An American Identity by 1848 · 到1848年的美国认同
The three threads, measured
- The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation's democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them.
- Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities.
- The U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade and expanding its national borders shaped the nation's foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives.
被测量的三条线索
- 美国开始发展一种现代民主并颂扬一种新的民族文化,与此同时美国人力图界定这个国家的民主理想,并改变他们的社会与制度以与之相称。
- 技术、农业与商业上的创新有力地加速了美国经济,催生了美国社会以及民族与地区认同上的深刻变化。
- 美国对扩大对外贸易与拓展国界的兴趣,塑造了这个国家的外交政策,并推动了政府与民间的种种举措。
'The extent to which' asks for... · “在多大程度上”要求……
Greatly, but unevenly. · 极大地，但不均衡地。
Politics: wider, and more organised
- Suffrage expanded to all adult white men, and mass parties grew to reach the new electorate.
- The federal boundary was contested case by case, and the judiciary claimed the last word on what the Constitution means.
- Continuity: exclusion by race and sex remained, and the boundary question was never settled.
政治:更宽,也更有组织
- 选举权扩大到所有成年白人男性,而大众政党成长起来以触及这个新的选民群体。
- 联邦的界限被逐案争夺,而司法部门主张了关于宪法含义的最终发言权。
- 延续:种族与性别上的排除仍在,而界限问题从未被解决。
Select all · 所有 the political developments of the period. · 选择所有该时期的政治发展。
Exclusion by race and sex remained. · 基于种族和性别的排斥仍然存在。
Economy: national market, sectional map
- A market revolution, five named innovations, and transport networks that linked the North and Midwest more closely than they linked regions in the South.
- Cotton, manufacturing, banking and shipping tied the sections commercially even as infrastructure pulled them apart.
- So the economy produced one market and two identities, which is exactly what the second thread promised.
经济:全国市场,地区地图
- 一场市场革命、五项被点名的创新,以及把北部与中西部连接得比与南方各地区更紧密的运输网络。
- 棉花、制造业、银行业与航运业在商业上把各地区系在一起,而基础设施同时在把它们拉开。
- 因此经济产生了一个市场与两种认同,而这正是第二条线索所许诺的。
Politics, economics, or foreign policy? · 政治、经济还是外交政策？
Sort each development by 1848. · 按1848年对每项发展进行分类。
The economy produced one market and two identities. · 经济产生了一个市场和两种认同。
Exactly what the second thread promised. · 正是第二条线索所承诺的。
"The extent to which" asks for a judgement with a limit. Politics, economics and foreign policy strengthened a national identity and hardened a regional one at the same time — so the strongest answer is to a great extent, but unevenly, with the distinctive Southern identity as the evidence for the qualifier.
**"在多大程度上"要求一个带有限度的判断。**政治、经济与外交政策既强化了一种民族认同,同时也固化了一种地区认同——因此最有力的答案是在很大程度上,但不均衡,并以那种独特的南方认同作为这一限定的证据。
Select all · 所有 the means of expansion this lesson names. · 选择本课提到的所有扩张手段。
Plus the private half: settlers and relocating slaveholders. · 加上私人部分：定居者和搬迁的奴隶主。
Expansion: policy and private movement
- Purchase, exploration, the Monroe Doctrine, wars, and federal efforts to control and relocate American Indian populations.
- Frontier settlers and relocating slaveholders were the private half of the same expansion.
- Continuity: the continent remained contested, and each acquisition made the slavery question sharper.
扩张:政策与民间移动
- 购买、探险、门罗主义、战争,以及联邦控制并迁移美洲印第安人口的努力。
- 边疆定居者与迁移中的蓄奴者,是同一场扩张的民间那一半。
- 延续:这块大陆仍在争夺之中,而每一次取得都使奴隶制问题更加尖锐。
The evidence for the qualifier 'unevenly' is the distinctive ____ identity. · ‘不均衡’这一限定词的证据在于独特的____认同。
Which is why 1848 is not an ending. · 这就是为什么1848年不是终结。
'The extent to which' is the objective's key phrase
- The objective asks the extent to which politics, economics, and foreign policy promoted the development of American identity.
- Extent invites a judgement with a limit: identity strengthened nationally and hardened regionally at the same time.
- So the strongest answer says to a great extent, but unevenly, and names the regional identity as the evidence for the qualifier.
"在多大程度上"是这一目标的关键短语
- 这一目标追问的是政治、经济与外交政策在多大程度上促进了美国认同的发展。
- 程度要求一个带有限度的判断:认同在全国层面被强化,同时在地区层面被固化。
- 因此最有力的答案是在很大程度上,但不均衡,并以那种地区认同作为这一限定的证据。
The same decades that gave a country a shared vote, a shared market and a shared foreign policy also gave one of its halves a reason to describe itself as a separate way of life. Both sentences are true, and the second one is why 1848 is not an ending.
给了一个国家共享的选票、共享的市场与共享的外交政策的那些十年,也给了它的其中一半一个把自己描述为一种独立生活方式的理由。两句话都为真,而第二句正是 1848 年并非终点的原因。
By 1848, politics had widened the vote to all adult white men and built mass parties while leaving exclusions and the federal boundary unsettled; economics built one national market whose transportation networks linked the North and Midwest more closely than the South, producing national and regional identities; and foreign policy expanded the borders by purchase, doctrine, war and removal, sharpening the slavery question with every acquisition. The answer to the extent is: greatly, but unevenly.
到 1848 年,政治把投票权扩大到所有成年白人男性并建立了大众政党,同时把那些排除与联邦界限留作未决;经济建成了一个全国市场,而其运输网络把北部与中西部连接得比与南方更紧密,产生了民族与地区认同;而外交政策通过购买、主义、战争与迁移拓展了国界,每一次取得都使奴隶制问题更加尖锐。对程度的回答是:很大程度上,但不均衡。