Who the Market Changed · 市场改变了谁
Two migrations at once
- Large numbers of international migrants moved to industrialising Northern cities, while many Americans moved west of the Appalachians, developing thriving new communities along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers.
- One sentence, two movements — into Northern cities from abroad, and west from within.
- So population change in this period is not one story, and the two movements produce different social results.
同时发生的两场迁徙
- 大量国际移民迁入正在工业化的北方城市,与此同时许多美国人越过阿巴拉契亚山脉西迁,沿俄亥俄河与密西西比河发展出繁荣的新社区。
- 一句话,两场移动——从国外迁入北方城市,以及从国内向西迁移。
- 因此这一时期的人口变化不是一个故事,而这两场移动产生了不同的社会结果。
Select both · 两者 movements the CED names in one sentence. · 选择CED在同一句中提到的两个运动。
Two movements producing different social results. · 产生不同社会结果的两种运动。
Prosperity for some, poverty for many
- The growth of manufacturing drove a significant increase in prosperity and standards of living for some; this led to the emergence of a larger middle class and a small but wealthy business elite, but also to a large and growing population of labouring poor.
- For some is the qualifier that makes the sentence honest, and the CED then names three groups, not two.
- A large and growing population of labouring poor is stated in the same breath as the middle class — both are effects of the same growth.
一些人的富裕,许多人的贫困
- 制造业的增长为一些人带来了繁荣与生活水平的显著提高;这促成了一个更大的中产阶级与一个人数不多但富有的商业精英阶层的出现,但同时也促成了一个庞大且不断增长的劳动贫民群体。
- 为一些人是使这句话诚实的限定词,而 CED 随后点出了三个群体,不是两个。
- 一个庞大且不断增长的劳动贫民群体与中产阶级在同一口气里被说出——两者都是同一场增长的效果。
Select all · 所有 three groups manufacturing growth produced. · 选择制造业增长产生的所有三个群体。
Dropping the third reverses the CED's meaning. · 省略第三项会改变CED的含义。
A change in how people supported themselves
- Increasing numbers of Americans, especially women and men working in factories, no longer relied on semi-subsistence agriculture; instead they supported themselves producing goods for distant markets.
- The change is not just where people worked but whom they worked for — a distant market rather than a household.
- Especially women and men working in factories puts women first in the CED's own sentence, and that is not decoration.
人们谋生方式的改变
- 越来越多的美国人,尤其是在工厂工作的女性与男性,不再依赖半自给的农业;取而代之的是,他们通过为远方市场生产商品来维持生计。
- 变化不只在于人们在哪里工作,还在于他们为谁工作——是一个远方的市场,而不是一个家庭。
- 尤其是在工厂工作的女性与男性在 CED 自己的句子里把女性放在前面,而这不是装饰。
The change in how people supported themselves was about... · 人们谋生方式的改变关乎……
The CED puts women first in that sentence. · CED在该句中将女性置于首位。
"For some" is what makes the prosperity sentence honest. The same growth produced a larger middle class, a small but wealthy business elite, and a large and growing population of labouring poor — three groups in one sentence, and dropping the third reverses the CED's meaning.
"为一些人"正是使那句关于繁荣的话诚实的东西。同一场增长产生了一个更大的中产阶级、一个人数不多但富有的商业精英阶层,以及一个庞大且不断增长的劳动贫民群体——一句话里三个群体,丢掉第三个就颠倒了 CED 的意思。
Which segment of society? · 哪个社会群体？
Sort each effect by the group it describes. · 根据所描述的群体对每种影响进行排序。
Domestic ideals emphasising separate spheres were... · 强调分离领域的家庭理想是……
3.6's republican motherhood is the earlier version. · 3.6的共和母职是该理念的早期版本。
And a change in family ideals
- Gender and family roles changed in response to the market revolution, particularly with the growth of definitions of domestic ideals that emphasised the separation of public and private spheres.
- In response to the market revolution makes the ideal an effect of economic change, not an independent moral development.
- 3.6's republican motherhood is the earlier version; this is the same boundary redrawn around a wage economy.
以及家庭理想的改变
- 性别与家庭角色因应市场革命而改变,尤其伴随着强调公共领域与私人领域相分离的家庭理想定义的成长。
- 因应市场革命使这一理想成为经济变化的效果,而不是一项独立的道德发展。
- 3.6 的共和母职是更早的版本;这里是同一条边界围绕一种工资经济被重新划出。
The objective's word ____ segments requires naming several groups. · 目标中的词汇____多个群体需要命名数个具体群体。
Treating 'Americans' as one group ignores it. · 将“美国人”视为单一群体会忽略这一点。
Various segments, over time
- The objective is how and why innovation... affected various segments of American society over time.
- Various segments invites naming several: migrants, the middle class, the business elite, the labouring poor, factory women and men.
- An answer that treats "Americans" as one group has ignored the word the objective built itself around.
随时间变化的各个群体
- 这一目标是创新……如何以及为何随时间影响了美国社会的各个群体。
- 各个群体要求点出好几个:移民、中产阶级、商业精英、劳动贫民、工厂中的女性与男性。
- 把"美国人"当作一个群体来处理的答案,忽视了这一目标据以构建自身的那个词。
A household that once made its own cloth now buys it and sells its labour to pay for it. The same amount of work is being done; what changed is who decides what it is worth, and where that person lives.
一个曾经自织布料的家庭,如今购买布料,并出卖劳动力来支付。所做的工作量是相同的;改变的是由谁来决定它值多少,以及那个人住在哪里。
Large numbers of international migrants moved to industrialising Northern cities, while many Americans moved west of the Appalachians. Manufacturing brought prosperity for some, producing a larger middle class and a small but wealthy business elite, but also... a large and growing population of labouring poor. Americans especially women and men working in factories now supported themselves producing goods for distant markets, and gender and family roles changed in response to the market revolution, with domestic ideals that emphasised the separation of public and private spheres.
大量国际移民迁入正在工业化的北方城市,与此同时许多美国人越过阿巴拉契亚山脉西迁。制造业为一些人带来了繁荣,产生了一个更大的中产阶级与一个人数不多但富有的商业精英阶层,但同时也……产生了一个庞大且不断增长的劳动贫民群体。美国人,尤其是在工厂工作的女性与男性,如今通过为远方市场生产商品来维持生计,而性别与家庭角色因应市场革命而改变,伴随着强调公共与私人领域相分离的家庭理想。