Widening the Vote · 扩大投票权
One sentence, precisely bounded
- The nation's transition to a more participatory democracy was achieved by expanding suffrage from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white men, and it was accompanied by the growth of political parties.
- More participatory is comparative, and the endpoint is stated exactly: all adult white men.
- So the expansion is real and its boundary is explicit, and an answer must carry both.
一句话,界限精确
- 这个国家向更具参与性之民主的转变,是通过把选举权从以财产所有权为基础的制度扩大到以所有成年白人男性投票为基础的制度而实现的,并伴随着政党的成长。
- 更具参与性是比较性的,而终点被精确说明:所有成年白人男性。
- 因此这次扩大是真实的,而它的边界是明说的,答案必须同时承载两者。
The CED states the endpoint of suffrage expansion as... · CED 把选举权扩大的终点说明为……
The expansion is real and its boundary is explicit. · 这次扩大是真实的,而它的边界是明说的。
What changed, and what did not
- Changed: property ownership stopped being the qualification, which 3.7 recorded state constitutions maintaining.
- Did not change: the vote remained restricted by race and by sex.
- So the same reform both widened democracy and made its remaining exclusions more visible, because they were now the only ones left.
什么变了,什么没变
- 变了的:财产所有权不再是资格条件,而 3.7 记录过各州宪法曾保留这一条件。
- 没变的:投票权仍然受种族与性别的限制。
- 因此同一项改革既扩大了民主,也使它其余的排除更加显眼,因为如今那些是仅剩的排除。
What the reform removed was the qualification based on... · 这项改革所移除的是以……为基础的资格条件
3.7 recorded state constitutions maintaining it. · 3.7 记录过各州宪法保留这一条件。
Parties grew alongside
- Accompanied by the growth of political parties — the CED links the two developments without making one cause the other.
- A larger electorate needs organisations to reach it, and organisations that reach it want it larger.
- 4.8's Democrats and Whigs are the institutions that resulted.
政党随之成长
- 伴随着政党的成长——CED 把这两项发展联系起来,却不让其中之一成为另一项的原因。
- 一个更大的选民群体需要有组织去触及它,而触及它的组织又希望它更大。
- 4.8 的民主党与辉格党正是由此产生的机构。
Follow the widening and the narrowing together · 把扩大与收回放在一起追踪
Democratisation and exclusion run through the same decades, which is what the phrase has to be qualified against. · 民主化与排斥贯穿同样的几十年,这正是那个说法需要被限定的原因。
Removing the property qualification made the remaining exclusions more visible. · 移除财产资格限制,使其余的排除更加显眼。
They were now the only ones left. · 如今那些是仅剩的排除。
The CED states the endpoint exactly: all adult white men. The expansion is real — property qualifications went — and the boundary is explicit, so an answer must carry both halves, and the remaining exclusions are what make 4.11's and 4.12's movements necessary.
**CED 精确地说明了终点:所有成年白人男性。**这次扩大是真实的——财产资格限制取消了——而边界是明说的,因此答案必须同时承载两半,而其余的排除正是使 4.11 与 4.12 的运动成为必要之物。
The CED links suffrage expansion and party growth by saying it was... · CED 把选举权扩大与政党成长联系起来,说它是……
Linked without making one cause the other. · 联系起来,却不让其中之一成为另一项的原因。
Why this sits under the first thread
- 4.1's thread describes Americans seeking to define the nation's democratic ideals and change their institutions to match them.
- Suffrage expansion is that project's clearest single instance: an institution changed to fit a stated ideal.
- And the exclusion that remains is what makes 4.11's and 4.12's movements necessary.
这为何属于第一条线索之下
- 4.1 的那条线索描述美国人力图界定这个国家的民主理想,并改变他们的制度以与之相称。
- 选举权的扩大是这项工程最清晰的单一实例:一项制度被改变以契合一个被说出的理想。
- 而其余的排除,正是使 4.11 与 4.12 的运动成为必要之物。
Suffrage expansion is the clearest instance of changing institutions to match stated ____. · 选举权的扩大,是改变制度以契合被说出的 ____ 的最清晰实例。
4.1's thread, in one reform. · 4.1 的那条线索,浓缩在一项改革里。
Causes and effects
- The objective is the causes and effects of the expansion of participatory democracy from 1800 to 1848.
- Causes: the market revolution creating men without property, western states writing new constitutions, and the ideals of 3.4.
- Effects: mass parties, campaigns aimed at ordinary voters, and remaining exclusions thrown into relief.
成因与效果
- 这一目标是1800 至 1848 年间参与性民主扩大的成因与效果。
- 成因:市场革命造就了没有财产的男性、西部各州在制定新宪法,以及 3.4 的那些理想。
- 效果:大众政党、面向普通选民的竞选活动,以及被凸显出来的其余排除。
Remove the last economic barrier to voting and the barriers that remain stop looking like details of a general rule. They become the rule itself, stated plainly, and everyone excluded can now read it.
移除投票的最后一道经济障碍,剩下的那些障碍就不再像是某条一般规则的细节。它们成了规则本身,被明明白白地写出,而每一个被排除者如今都能读到它。
The nation's transition to a more participatory democracy was achieved by expanding suffrage from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white men, and it was accompanied by the growth of political parties. The change is real (property qualifications ended) and the boundary is explicit (race and sex remained) — and this is the clearest single instance of 4.1's project of changing institutions to match stated ideals.
这个国家向更具参与性之民主的转变,是通过把选举权从以财产所有权为基础的制度扩大到以所有成年白人男性投票为基础的制度而实现的,并伴随着政党的成长。这一改变是真实的(财产资格限制终结了),而边界是明说的(种族与性别的限制仍在)——这是 4.1 那项改变制度以契合被说出的理想的工程最清晰的单一实例。