A National Culture Emerges · 国家文化的诞生
Three ingredients, combined
- A new national culture emerged that combined American elements, European influences, and regional cultural sensibilities.
- Combined is the operative verb — the culture is a mixture, not an invention or an import.
- And the third ingredient is regional, which means the national culture contains its own internal differences by design.
三种成分,合而为一
- 一种新的民族文化出现,它把美国自身的元素、欧洲的影响与地区的文化情致结合在一起。
- 结合是关键动词——这种文化是一种混合,不是一次发明,也不是一次输入。
- 而第三种成分是地区的,这意味着这种民族文化按其构成本就包含着自身内部的差异。
Select all · 所有 three ingredients the CED says the culture combined. · 选择CED所说的文化融合的所有三项成分。
'Combined' — a mixture, not an invention or an import. · “融合”——指混合，而非发明或进口。
Two intellectual imports
- Liberal social ideas from abroad and Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility influenced literature, art, philosophy, and architecture.
- Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility is the phrase to carry: it is the intellectual engine of 4.11's reform movements.
- Four fields are named, and 3.11 already had three of them — the list is a continuation, extended by philosophy.
两项思想输入
- 来自国外的自由主义社会观念,以及浪漫主义关于人可臻完善的信念,影响了文学、艺术、哲学与建筑。
- 浪漫主义关于人可臻完善的信念是值得记住的措辞:它是 4.11 各项改革运动的思想引擎。
- 点出了四个领域,而 3.11 已经有了其中三个——这份清单是一种延续,并被哲学所扩展。
Select all · 所有 four fields the imported ideas influenced. · 选择外来思想影响的所有四个领域。
3.11 had three of them; philosophy is the addition. · 3.11提到了其中三个；哲学是新增项。
Perfectibility is the opposite of 6.5's conservatism
- A belief that human nature can be improved licenses schemes to improve it — temperance, education, abolition.
- The opposite premise, that human nature is not perfectible, is what grounds conservative resistance to such schemes.
- So naming the premise explains why this period produced so many reform movements at once.
可完善性是与保守主义相反的立场
- 一种认为人性可以被改善的信念,为改善它的种种方案提供了许可——禁酒、教育、废奴。
- 相反的前提,即人性并非可臻完善,正是保守派抵制这类方案的根据。
- 因此点出这一前提,就解释了这一时期为何同时产生了如此之多的改革运动。
An ingredient, an imported idea, or a field it touched? · 是一种成分、一种外来思想，还是它触及的一个领域？
Sort each element of the new national culture. · 对新国家文化的每个要素进行排序。
The phrase that drives 4.11's reform movements is... · 推动4.11改革运动的短语是……
If people can be improved, schemes to improve them are rational. · 如果人可以变得更好，那么改善他们的计划就是理性的。
"Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility" is the engine of the next subtopics. If human nature can be improved, schemes to improve it are rational — which is exactly why 4.11's temperance, education and abolition movements appear together in one generation.
"浪漫主义关于人可臻完善的信念"是接下来各小节的引擎。如果人性可以被改善,那么改善它的种种方案就是理性的——这正是 4.11 的禁酒、教育与废奴运动在同一代人中一同出现的原因。
4.9's claim is stronger than 3.11's because the regional is... · 4.9的主张比3.11更强，因为区域因素……
The national culture combined regional sensibilities. · 国家文化融合了区域情调。
National and regional at once, again
- 3.11 said new national forms developed alongside continued regional variations.
- 4.9 says the national culture itself combined... regional cultural sensibilities.
- That is a stronger claim: the regional is not merely alongside the national but inside it.
民族与地区,再一次同时并存
- 3.11 说新的民族形式与持续存在的地区差异并存。
- 4.9 则说这种民族文化本身结合了……地区的文化情致。
- 那是一项更强的主张:地区的不只是与民族的并存,而是在它之内。
Independence created a need for ____ while transatlantic exchange kept supplying material. · 独立创造了对____的需求，而跨大西洋交流持续提供物质基础。
The 'why' of the objective. · 目标背后的“为什么”。
How and why a national culture developed
- The objective is how and why a new national culture developed from 1800 to 1848.
- How: by combining American, European and regional elements across literature, art, philosophy and architecture.
- Why: because independence created a need for distinctiveness while transatlantic exchange continued to supply material.
民族文化如何以及为何发展
- 这一目标是1800 至 1848 年间一种新的民族文化如何以及为何发展。
- 如何:通过在文学、艺术、哲学与建筑中结合美国的、欧洲的与地区的元素。
- 为何:因为独立造就了对独特性的需求,而跨大西洋的交流仍在持续提供材料。
A generation that believes people can be made better will found societies to make them better, and will disagree bitterly about which improvement comes first. A generation that believes the opposite founds nothing and defends what exists.
一代相信人可以被变得更好的人,会创办各种社团去让人变得更好,并会就哪一项改善优先而激烈争论。一代相信相反之事的人,什么也不创办,只捍卫既有之物。
A new national culture emerged that combined American elements, European influences, and regional cultural sensibilities, and liberal social ideas from abroad and Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility influenced literature, art, philosophy, and architecture. Combined makes the culture a mixture, and the inclusion of regional cultural sensibilities puts the regional inside the national rather than merely alongside it.
一种新的民族文化出现,它把美国自身的元素、欧洲的影响与地区的文化情致结合在一起,而来自国外的自由主义社会观念,以及浪漫主义关于人可臻完善的信念,影响了文学、艺术、哲学与建筑。结合使这种文化成为一种混合,而把地区的文化情致包含在内,使地区的处在民族的之内,而不只是与之并存。