HSK 4 Grammar 02: Adverbs
HSK · HSK · HSK 4 Topik 2 6:42 Narasi bahasa Inggris · Subtitle bahasa Inggris + 中文 disematkan langsung
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HSK four adverbs do five jobs. Measuring, with chabuduo, chadian, gang and gou. Judging and realising, with kanlai, yuanlai, benlai, jieguo, kongpa and jingran. Intensifying, with ke le, shenzhi, you bu, qianwan and jiu. Pressing a question, with daodi, jiujing and nandao. And advising or obliging, with zhihao, budebu, zuihao and haishi ba. The exam tests position and pairing rather than vocabulary: whether dou arrives, where bu sits, which adverb suits which feeling.
The measurers. Chabuduo decodes itself, cha difference plus bu not plus duo much, not much off: Shanghai he Niuyue chabuduo, Shanghai and New York are much the same. Chadian means off by a hair, something nearly happened and did not: che chadian zhuangdao wo, the car almost hit me, and the famous quirk, chadian mei shuaidao, still means almost fell, the mei adds feeling not logic. Gang marks an action a short time ago, glued to the verb, and with a duration needs no ago word: ta gang lai Zhongguo liang ge yue. Gou means enough before a verb or adjective, and fed up after one: shou gou le, I've had enough, while chi gou le means sick of eating it.
The judgers and realisers. Kanlai is your read of a situation, it seems, a judgement in your head, not what your eyes report. Yuanlai is the lightbulb, so it turns out, while benlai is the U-turn, originally but it changed. Jieguo opens the second clause with an unwelcome upshot: ta chuan de tai shao, jieguo ganmao le, she dressed too lightly and ended up catching a cold. Kongpa hides kong, fear: a likely but unwelcome prediction, kongpa mingtian yao xiayu, I'm afraid it's going to rain, with keneng for the neutral probably. And jingran is the jaw-drop, unexpectedly, of all things: zheme nan de ti, ta jingran zuo dui le, needing genuine surprise to sound right.
The intensifiers. Ke plus adjective plus le wraps an adjective in a wow, really: zhe zhi xiaogou ke taoqi le, this puppy is so naughty, chatty and northern, nearly always closing with le. Shenzhi reaches for the most extreme case, even: ta tai mang le, shenzhi chi wufan de shijian dou meiyou, so busy he doesn't even have time for lunch, often hand in hand with lian dou. You plus bu or mei is the it's-not-as-if shrug, defensive and nothing to do with again: wen wo ganma, wo you bu zhidao. Qianwan piles thousand on ten-thousand into an urgent plea: qianwan bie wang le dai huzhao, whatever you do don't forget your passport. And jiu before the subject spotlights how little: dajia dou xiaban le, jiu laoban hai mei zou, only the boss is still here.
The hard askers. Daodi digs for the real answer: in a question it presses, ni daodi xiang shuo shenme, what on earth are you trying to say, and in a statement it means finally, tianqi daodi nuanhuo le. In a yes-no question it takes the V-not-V form, ni daodi qu bu qu, are you going or not. Jiujing is daodi in a suit, the same exactly-on-earth in a more written register: women jiujing hai yao deng duojiu. And nandao turns a sentence into a rhetorical question of disbelief, nandao ni zhen de xiangxin ta ma, you don't actually believe him do you, fishing for agreement, so never answer it literally.
The obligers and advisers. Zhihao is the only option left, taken reluctantly: canting dou guanmen le, women zhihao qu chi kuaican, the restaurants were all closed so we had no choice but fast food. Budebu stacks a double negative into a stronger, grudging have to: dianti you huai le, women budebu pa louti, and don't miscount the negatives, budebu qu means have to go, while bixu is the calmer neutral must. Zuihao gives gentle advice: waimian leng, zuihao duo chuan dian, best wear a bit more, with a suggestion, not an obligation. And haishi plus verb plus ba settles on the choice you prefer after weighing: haishi mingtian qu ba, let's go tomorrow after all.
The sequencers and scopers. Xian zai lines actions up, first then, where zai in this frame means and then, not again: xian xishou, zai chifan, wash your hands first then eat. Repeat a measure word for one at a time: yige yige, yibu yibu, yitian yitian; bie chao, yige yige shuo, don't all talk at once. Conglai with dou means always, the positive needing its dou, conglai dou hen nuli, and the everyday use is negative, conglai bu, conglai mei, never not once: wo conglai bu hejiu. Ye dou sweeps a whole group as too, in a fixed order, never dou ye: darenmen xihuan zhege canting, haizimen ye dou xihuan. And zhenghao is the happy bullseye, as it happens: ni lai le, wo zhenghao yao zhao ni.
Pause and check both. First, then: the xian zai frame fixes zai as the next stepping stone, not again. Second, kongpa carries I'm afraid, the fear character hiding in plain sight, while jingran is the jaw-drop. The remaining review items: chadian means it didn't happen, shou gou le is the fed-up reading, benlai signals the plan that changed, and ye dou is the fixed order. One adverb per job, and the job decides the word.