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革命

AP 世界历史 · 第 5 主题

训练
讲义 词汇表
5.1

启蒙运动
大纲

5.1 The Enlightenment

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

SIO
Social Interactions and Organization — The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization.

Unit 5.A
Explain the intellectual and ideological context in which revolutions swept the Atlantic world from 1750 to 1900.

  • KC-5.3.I.A Enlightenment philosophies applied new ways of understanding and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationships; they also reexamined the role that religion played in public life and emphasized the importance of reason. Philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract.
  • KC-5.3.I The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded revolutions and rebellions against existing governments.
  • KC-5.3.II.i Nationalism also became a major force shaping the historical development of states and empires.

Unit 5.B
Explain how the Enlightenment affected societies over time.

  • KC-5.3.I.C Enlightenment ideas and religious ideals influenced various reform movements. These reform movements contributed to the expansion of rights, as seen in expanded suffrage, the abolition of slavery, and the end of serfdom.
  • KC-5.3.IV.B Demands for women’s suffrage and an emergent feminism challenged political and gender hierarchies.

Illustrative examples:

  • Demands:
    • Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
    • Olympe de Gouges’s Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen
    • Seneca Falls Conference (1848) organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

第五单元讲述 1750 至 1900 年,其中有两台引擎同时运转:一场改变人们如何论证政治权威的思想革命,以及一场改变社会如何生产与生活的工业革命。多数题目要求你把两者连接起来。

启蒙运动(Enlightenment)的哲学把新的理解方式与实证方法(empirical approaches)同时运用于自然世界与人际关系。由此产生了质疑既有传统的一系列观念:

  • 个人主义(individualism)、天赋权利(natural rights)与社会契约(social contract)。
  • 对宗教宽容(religious tolerance)的诉求,以及对既有权威加以限制的主张。

这些观念影响了各种改革运动(reform movements):选举权的扩大、奴隶制的废除,以及妇女选举权诉求(demands for women's suffrage)与新兴的女权主义(feminism),后者挑战了政治与性别等级。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
Enlightenment 启蒙运动 qǐ méng yùn dòng
empirical approaches 实证方法 shí zhèng fāng fǎ
Individualism 个人主义 gè rén zhǔ yì
natural rights 天赋权利 tiān fù quán lì
social contract 社会契约 shè huì qì yuē
religious tolerance 宗教宽容 zōng jiào kuān róng
reform movements 改革运动 gǎi gé yùn dòng
demands for women's suffrage 妇女选举权诉求 fù nǚ xuǎn jǔ quán sù qiú
feminism 女权主义 nǚ quán zhǔ yì
5.2

1750年至1900年时期的民族主义与革命
大纲

5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions in the Period from 1750 to 1900

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

GOV
Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

Unit 5.C
Explain causes and effects of the various revolutions in the period from 1750 to 1900.

  • KC-5.3.II.ii People around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, and territory. This was sometimes harnessed by governments to foster a sense of unity.
  • KC-5.3 The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world.
  • KC-5.3.IV.A.i Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of systems of government and various ideologies, including democracy and 19th-century liberalism.
  • KC-5.3.III.B Colonial subjects in the Americas led a series of rebellions inspired by democratic ideals. The American Revolution, and its successful establishment of a republic, the United States of America, was a model and inspiration for a number of the revolutions that followed. The American Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and the Latin American independence movements facilitated the emergence of independent states in the Americas.
  • KC-5.3.I.B The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers, as reflected in revolutionary documents— including the American Declaration of Independence during the American Revolution, the French “Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen” during the French Revolution, and Bolívar’s “Letter from Jamaica” on the eve of the Latin American revolutions— influenced resistance to existing political authority, often in pursuit of independence and democratic ideals.
  • KC-5.3.II.iii Newly imagined national communities often linked this new national identity with borders of the state, and in some cases, nationalists challenged boundaries or sought unification of fragmented regions.

Illustrative examples:

  • Call for national unification or liberation:
    • Propaganda Movement in the Philippines
    • Maori nationalism and the New Zealand wars in New Zealand
    • Puerto Rico—writings of Lola Rodríguez de Tió
    • German and Italian unifications
    • Balkan nationalisms
    • Ottomanism

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

民族主义(nationalism)成为塑造历史进程的重要力量。各地人们基于语言、宗教、社会习俗与地域形成新的共同体意识(commonality),而这些新建构的民族共同体往往与国家建构联系在一起。

对君主制与帝国统治的不满促成了革命(revolution)。革命文献所体现的启蒙观念为这些运动提供了正当性,而美洲的殖民地臣民领导了一系列受其启发的起义——考试范围内的一组是美国革命、法国大革命、海地革命与拉丁美洲革命。

需要把握的模式是:一个观念(权利、同意、民族)加上一项不满(税收、被排斥、奴役、殖民统治)造就一场运动。只写观念或只写不满的答案,什么也没解释。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
Nationalism 民族主义 mín zú zhǔ yì
commonality 共同体意识 gòng tóng tǐ yì shí
revolution 革命 gé mìng
5.3

工业革命的开端
大纲

5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

ENV
Humans and the Environments — The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations in turn shape their environments.

Unit 5.D
Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

  • KC-5.1.I.A A variety of factors contributed to the growth of industrial production and eventually resulted in the Industrial Revolution, including: Bullet Proximity to waterways; access to rivers and canals Bullet Geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber Bullet Urbanization Bullet Improved agricultural productivity Bullet Legal protection of private property Bullet Access to foreign resources Bullet Accumulation of capital
  • KC-5.1.I.C The development of the factory system concentrated production in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

为什么最先发生在英国:CED 列出的各项因素,以及每一项提供了什么
工业化需要多项条件同时具备——这正是为什么问题总是"为何在此地、为何在此时"

多种因素共同促成了工业生产的增长:能够获取煤炭(coal)与铁(iron)、可通航的河流与运河、把劳动力从土地上解放出来的农业生产率(agricultural productivity)、资本(capital)及对资本的法律保护、城市化,以及通过海外帝国获得原料与市场。

工厂制度(factory system)把生产集中到单一场所并加以监管,取代了分散的家庭生产。这一变化——组织上的意义不亚于技术上的——正是产量得以扩大的原因。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
coal 煤炭 méi tàn
iron 铁 tiě
agricultural productivity 农业生产率 nóng yè shēng chǎn lǜ
capital 资本 zī běn
factory system 工厂制度 gōng chǎng zhì dù
5.4 5.5

1750年至1900年时期工业化的扩散
大纲

5.4 Industrialization Spreads in the Period from 1750 to 1900

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

TEC
Technology and Innovation — Human adaptation and innovation have resulted in increased efficiency, comfort, and security, and technological advances have shaped human development and interactions with both intended and unintended consequences.

Unit 5.E
Explain how different modes and locations of production have developed and changed over time.

  • KC-5.1.II.B The rapid development of steam-powered industrial production in European countries and the U.S. contributed to the increase in these regions’ share of global manufacturing during the first Industrial Revolution. While Middle Eastern and Asian countries continued to produce manufactured goods, these regions’ share in global manufacturing declined.
  • KC-5.1.I.D As new methods of industrial production became more common in parts of northwestern Europe, they spread to other parts of Europe and the United States, Russia, and Japan.

Illustrative examples:

  • Decline of Middle Eastern and Asian share in global manufacturing:
    • Shipbuilding in India and Southeast Asia
    • Iron works in India
    • Textile production in India and Egypt

5.5 Technology of the Industrial Age

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

TEC
Technology and Innovation — Human adaptation and innovation have resulted in increased efficiency, comfort, and security, and technological advances have shaped human development and interactions with both intended and unintended consequences.

Unit 5.F
Explain how technology shaped economic production over time.

  • KC-5.1.I.B The development of machines, including steam engines and the internal combustion engine, made it possible to take advantage of both existing and vast newly discovered resources of energy stored in fossil fuels, specifically coal and oil. The fossil fuels revolution greatly increased the energy available to human societies.
  • KC-5.1.I.E The “second industrial revolution” led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery during the second half of the 19th century.
  • KC-5.1.IV Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph made exploration, development, and communication possible in interior regions globally, which led to increased trade and migration.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

欧洲蒸汽动力(steam-powered)工业生产的迅速发展扩散到其他地区;随着新方法日益普及,实现工业化的国家在财富与军事力量上取得了对未工业化国家的巨大优势。

技术使这一变化不断叠加:蒸汽机(steam engine)以及后来的内燃机(internal combustion engine);钢铁、化学与电力领域的第二次工业革命(second industrial revolution);以及使远距离的探索、殖民与行政管理成为可能的铁路(railroads)、蒸汽船(steamships)与电报(telegraph)。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
steam-powered 蒸汽动力 zhēng qì dòng lì
steam engine 蒸汽机 zhēng qì jī
internal combustion engine 内燃机 nèi rán jī
second industrial revolution 第二次工业革命 dì èr cì gōng yè gé mìng
railroads 铁路 tiě lù
steamships 蒸汽船 zhēng qì chuán
telegraph 电报 diàn bào
5.6 5.7 5.8

工业化:1750年至1900年政府的角色
大纲

5.6 Industrialization: Government’s Role from 1750 to 1900

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

GOV
Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

Unit 5.G
Explain the causes and effects of economic strategies of different states and empires.

  • KC-5.1.V.C As the influence of the Industrial Revolution grew, a small number of states and governments promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialization.
  • KC-5.2.II.A The expansion of U.S. and European influence in Asia led to internal reform in Japan that supported industrialization and led to the growing regional power of Japan in the Meiji Era.

Illustrative examples:

  • State-sponsored visions of industrialization:
    • Muhammad Ali’s development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt

5.7 Economic Developments and Innovations in the Industrial Age

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

ECN
Economics Systems — As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.

Unit 5.H
Explain the development of economic systems, ideologies, and institutions and how they contributed to change in the period from 1750 to 1900.

  • KC-5.1.III.A Western European countries began abandoning mercantilism and adopting free trade policies, partly in response to the growing acceptance of Adam Smith’s theories of laissez-faire capitalism and free markets.
  • KC-5.1.III.B The global nature of trade and production contributed to the proliferation of large-scale transnational businesses that relied on new practices in banking and finance.
  • KC-5.1 The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods.

Illustrative examples:

  • Transnational businesses:
    • Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC)
    • Unilever based in England and the Netherlands and operating in British West Africa and the Belgian Congo
  • Financial instruments:
    • Stock markets
    • Limited-liability corporations

5.8 Reactions to the Industrial Economy from 1750 to 1900

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

SIO
Social Interactions and Organization — The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization.

Unit 5.I
Explain the causes and effects of calls for changes in industrial societies from 1750 to 1900.

  • KC-5.1.V.D In response to the social and economic changes brought about by industrial capitalism, some governments, organizations, and individuals promoted various types of political, social, educational, and urban reforms.
  • KC-5.1.V.A In industrialized states, many workers organized themselves, often in labor unions, to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages. Workers’ movements and political parties emerged in different areas, promoting alternative visions of society.
  • KC-5.3.IV.A.ii Discontent with established power structures encouraged the development of various ideologies, including those espoused by Karl Marx, and the ideas of socialism and communism.
  • KC-5.1.V.B In response to the expansion of industrializing states, some governments in Asia and Africa, including the Ottoman Empire and Qing China, sought to reform and modernize their economies and militaries. Reform efforts were often resisted by some members of government or established elite groups.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

随着工业影响扩大,少数国家直接推动工业化(states sponsored industrialisation)——标准例证是明治日本、由国家主导计划推进的俄国,以及穆罕默德·阿里治下的埃及。

西欧国家开始放弃重商主义,转向自由贸易(free trade)政策,而贸易与生产的全球性质促成了跨国企业(transnational businesses)与新金融工具的大量出现。

反应来自多个方向:

  • 工人组织起来,往往通过工会(labour unions),争取缩短工时、改善安全与提高工资。
  • 出现了关于社会的替代方案——社会主义(socialism)、共产主义(communism)与无政府主义(anarchism)——作为对工业资本主义的批判。
  • 一些政府就劳动条件、童工与公共卫生通过了改革立法(reform legislation)。
  • 工业化国家的扩张促使亚洲其他地区兴起内部改革运动(internal reform movements),各国试图回应新的压力。
词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
states sponsored industrialisation 国家推动工业化 guó jiā tuī dòng gōng yè huà
free trade 自由贸易 zì yóu mào yì
transnational businesses 跨国企业 kuà guó qǐ yè
labour unions 工会 gōng huì
socialism 社会主义 shè huì zhǔ yì
communism 共产主义 gòng chǎn zhǔ yì
anarchism 无政府主义 wú zhèng fǔ zhǔ yì
reform legislation 改革立法 gǎi gé lì fǎ
internal reform movements 内部改革运动 nèi bù gǎi gé yùn dòng
5.9

社会与工业时代
大纲

5.9 Society and the Industrial Age

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

SIO
Social Interactions and Organization — The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization.

Unit 5.J
Explain how industrialization caused change in existing social hierarchies and standards of living.

  • KC-5.1.VI.A New social classes, including the middle class and the industrial working class, developed.
  • KC-5.1.VI.B While women and often children in working class families typically held wage-earning jobs to supplement their families’ income, middle-class women who did not have the same economic demands to satisfy were increasingly limited to roles in the household or roles focused on child development.
  • KC-5.1.VI.C The rapid urbanization that accompanied global capitalism at times led to a variety of challenges, including pollution, poverty, increased crime, public health crises, housing shortages, and insufficient infrastructure to accommodate urban growth.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

新的社会阶级(social classes)形成,包括中产阶级(middle class)与工业工人阶级(industrial working class),各有其文化与政治。

其他变化也在考查范围内:伴随拥挤与疾病的迅速城市化(urbanisation);随着生产离开家庭而发生的家庭结构(family structure)与女性劳动的变化;以及从长期看有所提高的生活水平(standards of living)——分布并不均衡,且要在数十年的艰难之后才得以实现。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
social classes 社会阶级 shè huì jiē jí
middle class 中产阶级 zhōng chǎn jiē jí
industrial working class 工业工人阶级 gōng yè gōng rén jiē jí
urbanisation 城市化 chéng shì huà
family structure 家庭结构 jiā tíng jié gòu
standards of living 生活水平 shēng huó shuǐ píng
5.10

工业时代的延续与变化
大纲

5.10 Continuity and Change in the Industrial Age

Learning ObjectiveReview: Unit 5 Key Concepts

Unit 5.K
Explain the extent to which industrialization brought change from 1750 to 1900.

  • KC-5.1 The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods.
    • KC-5.1.IV Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph made exploration, development, and communication possible in interior regions globally, which led to increased trade and migration.
  • KC-5.3 The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world.
    • KC-5.3.I.A Enlightenment philosophies applied new ways of understanding and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationships; they also reexamined the role that religion played in public life and emphasized the importance of reason. Philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract.
    • KC-5.3.I The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded revolutions and rebellions against existing governments.
    • KC-5.3.II.i Nationalism also became a major force shaping the historical development of states and empires

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

本单元考查的推理能力是延续与变化。生产方式与阶级结构发生了根本改变,而帝国竞争、殖民地区的强制劳动与不平等则以新的形式延续。

**Worked example(一道真实的 AP 考题)。*本单元的 AP 世界历史简答题会要求,例如「解释 1750 至 1900 年间工业化改变社会结构的一种方式」。满分答案会点出变化并追溯其过程:「工业化造就了庞大的工业工人阶级,因为工厂制度把生产集中到单一场所,把农村劳动力吸引到城市从事雇佣劳动,取代了家庭生产以及依附于它的农村社会秩序。」*注意其结构:explain 要求给出机制——工厂制度、城市迁移、雇佣劳动——而不只是说出现了新阶级。

5.10

考试技巧
  • 回答"为什么最先在英国"要同时给出多项因素——煤炭、资本、农业、帝国——而不是单一原因。
  • 工厂制度是一项组织变革;要写出它取代了什么。
  • 谈革命时,要把观念与不满配对。任何一方单独出现都解释不了什么。
  • 国家推动的工业化(明治日本、俄国、埃及)是与英国模式形成对照的例证。
  • 把各种反应作为一组给出:工会、社会主义与共产主义,以及改革立法。
  • 生活水平是最终提高且不均衡的。写出这一点,才能使答案成为评价。

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