Revolutions and Nationalism · 革命与民族主义
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of systems of government and various ideologies, including democracy and 19th-century liberalism | 自由主义 | zì yóu zhǔ yì |
| Nationalism/ˈnæʃənəlɪzəm/ | 民族主义 | mín zú zhǔ yì |
An age of revolution
- The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world.
- Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of systems of government and various ideologies, including democracy and 19th-century liberalism 自由主义.
- So the revolutions produced not only new states but new arguments about how states should work.
一个革命的时代
- 十八世纪开启了一个针对既有政府的革命与反抗的密集时期,并在世界各地催生了新的民族国家。
- 对君主制与帝国统治的不满,推动了各种政体与意识形态的发展,包括民主与十九世纪的自由主义(liberalism)。
- 因此这些革命产出的不只是新国家,还有关于国家应当如何运作的新论证。
Select all · 所有 the revolutionary documents the CED names. · 选择CED命名的所有革命性文件。
Smith is an economic theorist, in subtopic 5.7. · 斯密是一位经济理论家，位于子主题5.7。
Documents carried the ideas
- The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers, as reflected in revolutionary documents, influenced resistance to existing political authority, often in pursuit of independence and democratic ideals.
- The CED names three: the American Declaration of Independence, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, and Bolívar's Letter from Jamaica.
- Each states a principle before a state exists to enforce it — which is what makes a document a cause and not a record.
文件承载了这些观念
- 启蒙哲学家的观念,体现在各革命文献之中,影响了对既有政治权威的抵抗,并常常以独立与民主理想为诉求。
- CED 点名了三份:美国的**《独立宣言》、法国的《人权与公民权宣言》,以及玻利瓦尔的《牙买加来信》**。
- 每一份都在有国家去执行之前先陈述了一条原则——正是这一点使文件成为原因,而不是记录。
Select all · 所有 the bases of national commonality the CED names. · 选择CED命名的所有民族共同性的基础。
Territory completes the CED's list. · 领土完成了CED的列表。
The Americas: three linked movements
- Colonial subjects in the Americas led a series of rebellions inspired by democratic ideals.
- The American Revolution, and its successful establishment of a republic, the United States of America, was a model and inspiration for a number of the revolutions that followed.
- The American Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and the Latin American independence movements facilitated the emergence of independent states in the Americas.
美洲:三场相互关联的运动
- 美洲的殖民地臣民发动了一系列受民主理想启发的反抗。
- 美国革命及其成功建立的共和国——美利坚合众国——成为其后若干革命的范本与激励。
- 美国革命、海地革命与拉丁美洲独立运动,促成了美洲独立国家的出现。
Document, American movement, or nationalism? · 文件、美国运动还是民族主义？
Sort each item in the revolutionary age. · 对革命时代的每一项进行归类。
Nationalism in this period always worked to unify states. · 在这一时期，民族主义始终起到统一国家的作用。
Nationalists also challenged boundaries — the Balkan cases against a large empire. · 民族主义者还挑战了边界——例如巴尔干地区对抗大帝国的案例。
Nationalism unified some states and broke others apart. The CED's sentence covers both: nationalists sought unification of fragmented regions (German, Italian) and challenged boundaries (Balkan). Treating nationalism as always unifying misses half of what it did in this period.
民族主义使一些国家统一,也使另一些国家分裂。CED 的那句话涵盖两者:民族主义者谋求分裂地区的统一(德意志、意大利),也挑战边界(巴尔干)。把民族主义一概视为统一性的,就漏掉了它在这一时期所做之事的一半。
The CED says the American Revolution served as... · CED指出美国革命充当了……
Its successful establishment of a republic is what made it a model. · 其成功建立共和国使其成为榜样。
Nationalism: a new sense of commonality
- People around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs and territory. This was sometimes harnessed by governments to foster a sense of unity.
- Nationalism 民族主义 also became a major force shaping the historical development of states and empires.
- Note sometimes harnessed by governments: nationalism could come from below or be encouraged from above.
民族主义:一种新的共同感
- 世界各地的人们发展出一种基于语言、宗教、社会习俗与领土的新的共同感。这有时被政府用来培育统一意识。
- 民族主义(nationalism)也成为塑造国家与帝国历史发展的一股主要力量。
- 注意"有时被政府所用":民族主义可以来自下层,也可以由上层加以鼓励。
A new sense of commonality was sometimes ____ by governments to foster unity. · 一种新的共同感有时被政府____以促进团结。
So nationalism could come from below or be encouraged from above. · 因此民族主义可能自下而上产生，也可能自上而下推动。
Identity and borders
- Newly imagined national communities often linked this new national identity with borders of the state, and in some cases, nationalists challenged boundaries or sought unification of fragmented regions.
- The CED's examples span the globe: the Propaganda Movement in the Philippines, Maori nationalism and the New Zealand wars, the writings of Lola Rodríguez de Tió in Puerto Rico, German and Italian unifications, Balkan nationalisms, and Ottomanism.
- Two opposite projects sit in one sentence: unifying fragments, and breaking a large state into national parts.
认同与边界
- 新想象出的民族共同体,常常把这种新的民族认同与国家的边界联系起来;在某些情况下,民族主义者挑战边界,或谋求分裂地区的统一。
- CED 的例子遍及全球:菲律宾的宣传运动、毛利民族主义与新西兰战争、波多黎各洛拉·罗德里格斯·德蒂奥的著作、德意志与意大利的统一、巴尔干各民族主义,以及奥斯曼主义。
- 一句话里坐着两个相反的方案:把碎片统一起来,以及把一个大国拆成民族的部分。
German unification gathers many small states into one on the argument that they share a language and customs. Balkan nationalisms use the same argument to take territories out of a large empire. One principle, two opposite outcomes — which is why the CED's sentence names both, and why nationalism is a force rather than a policy.
德意志的统一,以"共享语言与习俗"为论据,把许多小邦聚合为一个国家。巴尔干的各民族主义则用同样的论据,把领土从一个大帝国里分出去。一条原则,两种相反的结果——这正是 CED 那句话把两者都点出来的原因,也是民族主义是一股力量而不是一项政策的原因。
An intense period of revolution against existing governments produced new nation-states and new ideologies including democracy and 19th-century liberalism. Revolutionary documents carried Enlightenment ideas. The American, Haitian and Latin American movements produced independent states in the Americas. Nationalism built a sense of commonality from language, religion, customs and territory, sometimes harnessed by governments, and could unify fragments or challenge boundaries.
一个针对既有政府的密集革命时期,催生了新的民族国家与新的意识形态,包括民主与十九世纪自由主义。革命文献承载了启蒙观念。美国、海地与拉美的运动在美洲造就了独立国家。民族主义以语言、宗教、习俗与领土建构共同感,有时被政府所用,并且既可以统一碎片,也可以挑战边界。