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AP 世界历史

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AP 世界历史(现代)涵盖约公元 1200 年至今,共九个单元:1200 年前后的全球社会图景、交流网络、陆基帝国、跨洋联系、革命、工业化的后果、全球冲突、冷战与非殖民化,以及全球化。

视野是全球性的,思维方式也是。题目很少只问某一个国家,而是要求你比较不同地区、追踪一个跨越大洲的网络,或解释为什么相似的压力在不同地方产生了不同结果。

主题贯穿整门课程:治理、经济体系、文化发展、社会互动与组织、技术与创新,以及人类与环境。每个专题都标明所属主题,这是看清不同单元之间联系的最快方式。

要学习"过程",而不只是"事件"。贸易网络、国家形成、工业化与人口迁移都是有起因、有机制、有影响的过程,而写作题的答案正是建立在这一结构之上。

下面的笔记按 College Board 的课程框架逐单元展开,并附上框架本身给出的关键概念与示例。

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  • 1

    全球织锦
    单独打开本主题页面
    讲义 词汇表
    1.1

    约1200年至约1450年东亚的发展
    大纲

    1.1 Developments in East Asia from c. 1200 to c. 1450

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    CDI
    Cultural Developments and Interactions — The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.

    Unit 1.A
    Explain the systems of government employed by Chinese dynasties and how they developed over time.

    • KC-3.2.I.A Empires and states in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity in the 13th century. This included the Song Dynasty of China, which utilized traditional methods of Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify its rule.

    Unit 1.B
    Explain the effects of Chinese cultural traditions on East Asia over time. THEMATIC FOCUS Economics Systems ECN As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

    • KC-3.1.III.D.i Chinese cultural traditions continued, and they influenced neighboring regions.
    • KC-3.1.III.D.ii Buddhism and its core beliefs continued to shape societies in Asia and included a variety of branches, schools, and practices. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

    Unit 1.C
    Explain the effects of innovation on the Chinese economy over time.

    • KC-3.3.III.A.i The economy of Song China became increasingly commercialized while continuing to depend on free peasant and artisanal labor.
    • KC-3.1.I.D The economy of Song China flourished as a result of increased productive capacity, expanding trade networks, and innovations in agriculture and manufacturing.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Cultural traditions:
      • Filial piety in East Asia
      • Influence of Neo-Confucianism and Buddhism in East Asia
      • Confucian traditions of both respect for and expected deference from women
      • Chinese literary and scholarly traditions and their spread to Heian Japan and Korea
    • Branches of Buddhism:
      • Theravada
      • Mahayana
      • Tibetan
    • Technological innovations:
      • Champa rice
      • Transportation innovations, like the Grand Canal expansion
      • Steel and iron production
      • Textiles and porcelains for export

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    第一单元概览约 1200 至 1450 年世界主要区域的状况,时间点正好在第二单元那些大型联通网络形成之前。它的目的在于比较:学完之后,你应当能说清其中任意两个社会如何治理、靠什么维系,以及以何为生。

    有三个问题适用于所有区域,而为每个区域回答这三个问题,就是这一单元的全部内容:

    • **国家如何组织?**谁在统治,通过哪些官员,经费从何而来?
    • **哪种信仰体系塑造社会?**在这里的每一个区域,宗教都提供法律、教育与统治合法性。
    • **经济基础是什么?**几乎处处以农业为主,但劳动制度与贸易水平差异极大。
    1.1

    约1200年至约1450年东亚的发展
    大纲

    1.1 Developments in East Asia from c. 1200 to c. 1450

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    CDI
    Cultural Developments and Interactions — The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.

    Unit 1.A
    Explain the systems of government employed by Chinese dynasties and how they developed over time.

    • KC-3.2.I.A Empires and states in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity in the 13th century. This included the Song Dynasty of China, which utilized traditional methods of Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify its rule.

    Unit 1.B
    Explain the effects of Chinese cultural traditions on East Asia over time. THEMATIC FOCUS Economics Systems ECN As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

    • KC-3.1.III.D.i Chinese cultural traditions continued, and they influenced neighboring regions.
    • KC-3.1.III.D.ii Buddhism and its core beliefs continued to shape societies in Asia and included a variety of branches, schools, and practices. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

    Unit 1.C
    Explain the effects of innovation on the Chinese economy over time.

    • KC-3.3.III.A.i The economy of Song China became increasingly commercialized while continuing to depend on free peasant and artisanal labor.
    • KC-3.1.I.D The economy of Song China flourished as a result of increased productive capacity, expanding trade networks, and innovations in agriculture and manufacturing.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Cultural traditions:
      • Filial piety in East Asia
      • Influence of Neo-Confucianism and Buddhism in East Asia
      • Confucian traditions of both respect for and expected deference from women
      • Chinese literary and scholarly traditions and their spread to Heian Japan and Korea
    • Branches of Buddhism:
      • Theravada
      • Mahayana
      • Tibetan
    • Technological innovations:
      • Champa rice
      • Transportation innovations, like the Grand Canal expansion
      • Steel and iron production
      • Textiles and porcelains for export

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    宋朝中国(Song China)是本单元的基准型国家。其经济日益商业化(commercialized),同时仍以农业为主(agrarian),支撑它的是不断提高的生产能力——占城稻(Champa rice)、钢铁生产,以及扩建大运河(Grand Canal)等交通改善。

    政府依托由科举制度(civil service examination)选任官员的官僚体系(bureaucracy)运作,以才取士,使国家具有异乎寻常的行政深度。

    中国的文化传统得以延续,并影响邻近区域——朝鲜、日本与越南吸收了文字、官僚体制与信仰体系。新儒学(Neo-Confucianism)塑造社会,其中包括孝道(filial piety)以及对女性顺从的期待。佛教(Buddhism)继续塑造亚洲社会并进一步传播,其形态包括上座部佛教(Theravada)、大乘佛教(Mahayana)与藏传佛教(Tibetan)。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    Song China 宋朝中国 sòng cháo zhōng guó
    commercialized 商业化 shāng yè huà
    agrarian 农业为主 nóng yè wéi zhǔ
    Champa rice 占城稻 zhàn chéng dào
    Grand Canal 大运河 dà yùn hé
    bureaucracy 官僚体系 guān liáo tǐ xì
    civil service examination 科举制度 kē jǔ zhì dù
    Neo-Confucianism 新儒学 xīn rú xué
    filial piety 孝道 xiào dào
    Buddhism 佛教 fó jiào
    Theravada 上座部佛教 shàng zuò bù fó jiào
    Mahayana 大乘佛教 dà chéng fó jiào
    Tibetan 藏传佛教 cáng chuán fó jiào
    1.2

    约1200年至约1450年伊斯兰世界的发展
    大纲

    1.2 Developments in Dar al-Islam from c. 1200 to c. 1450

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    CDI
    Cultural Developments and Interactions — The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.

    Unit 1.D
    Explain how systems of belief and their practices affected society in the period from c. 1200 to c. 1450. THEMATIC FOCUS Governance GOV A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

    • KC-3.1.III.D.iii Islam, Judaism, Christianity, and the core beliefs and practices of these religions continued to shape societies in Africa and Asia. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

    Unit 1.E
    Explain the causes and effects of the rise of Islamic states over time.

    • KC-3.2.I As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged, most of which were dominated by Turkic peoples. These states demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity.
    • KC-3.1.III.A Muslim rule continued to expand to many parts of Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion, and Islam subsequently expanded through the activities of merchants, missionaries, and Sufis. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

    Unit 1.F
    Explain the effects of intellectual innovation in Dar al-Islam.

    • KC-3.2.II.A.i Muslim states and empires encouraged significant intellectual innovations and transfers.

    Illustrative examples:

    • New Islamic political entities:
      • Seljuk Empire
      • Mamluk sultanate of Egypt
      • Delhi sultanates (CONT’D) Innovations:
      • Advances in mathematics (Nasir al-Din al-Tusi)
      • Advances in literature ('A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah)
      • Advances in medicine Transfers:
      • Preservation and commentaries on Greek moral and natural philosophy
      • House of Wisdom in Abbasid Bagdad
      • Scholarly and cultural transfers in Muslim and Christian Spain

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    随着阿拔斯哈里发国(Abbasid Caliphate)分裂,新的伊斯兰政治实体出现,其中多数源出突厥人(Turkic)——包括塞尔柱帝国(Seljuk Empire)、埃及马穆鲁克苏丹国(Mamluk sultanate of Egypt)与德里苏丹国(Delhi Sultanate)。

    穆斯林统治继续在欧亚非扩展,途径包括军事扩张、商人活动(merchant activity),以及传教士(missionaries)尤其是苏非派(Sufis)的工作——他们灵活的修行方式助推了伊斯兰教的传播。

    穆斯林国家鼓励重要的智识创新与传播(intellectual innovations and transfers):数学、医学与天文学的进展,以及对希腊学问的保存与拓展,后者其后传入欧洲。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    Abbasid Caliphate 阿拔斯哈里发国 ā bá sī hā lǐ fā guó
    Turkic 突厥人 tū jué rén
    Seljuk Empire 塞尔柱帝国 sāi ěr zhù dì guó
    Mamluk sultanate of Egypt 埃及马穆鲁克苏丹国 āi jí mǎ mù lǔ kè sū dān guó
    Delhi Sultanate 德里苏丹国 dé lǐ sū dān guó
    merchant activity 商人活动 shāng rén huó dòng
    missionaries 传教士 chuán jiào shì
    Sufis 苏非派 sū fēi pài
    intellectual innovations and transfers 智识创新与传播 zhì shí chuàng xīn yǔ chuán bō
    1.3

    约1200年至约1450年南亚与东南亚的发展
    大纲

    1.3 Developments in South and Southeast Asia from c. 1200 to c. 1450

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    CDI
    Cultural Developments and Interactions — The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.

    Unit 1.G
    Explain how the various belief systems and practices of South and Southeast Asia affected society over time. THEMATIC FOCUS Governance GOV A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

    • KC-3.1.III.D.iv Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism, and their core beliefs and practices, continued to shape societies in South and Southeast Asia. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

    Unit 1.H
    Explain how and why various states of South and Southeast Asia developed and maintained power over time.

    • KC-3.2.I.B.i State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, including the new Hindu and Buddhist states that emerged in South and Southeast Asia.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Beliefs and practices:
      • Bhakti movement
      • Sufism
      • Buddhist monasticism
    • Hindu/Buddhist states:
      • Vijayanagara Empire
      • Srivijaya Empire
      • Rajput kingdoms
      • Khmer Empire
      • Majapahit
      • Sukhothai kingdom
      • Sinhala dynasties

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    印度教(Hinduism)、伊斯兰教与佛教继续塑造该区域,而它们的相遇催生了新的虔信形式——印度教中的巴克提运动(bhakti movement)与伊斯兰教中的苏非主义(Sufism),两者都强调个人的直接虔敬。

    国家形成体现了本单元"延续与多样"的主题:德里苏丹国统治北部大片地区,南部兴起维查耶纳伽尔(Vijayanagara),而在东南亚,以海洋为依托的满者伯夷(Majapahit)与以陆地为依托的高棉帝国(Khmer Empire)以不同方式组织权力。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    Hinduism 印度教 yìn dù jiào
    bhakti movement 巴克提运动 bā kè tí yùn dòng
    Vijayanagara 维查耶纳伽尔 wéi chá yé nà gā ěr
    Majapahit 满者伯夷 mǎn zhě bó yí
    Khmer Empire 高棉帝国 gāo mián dì guó
    1.4 1.5

    美洲的国家建构
    大纲

    1.4 State Building in the Americas

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    GOV
    Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

    Unit 1.I
    Explain how and why states in the Americas developed and changed over time.

    • KC-3.2.I.D.i In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, and expanded in scope and reach.

    Illustrative examples:

    • State systems in the Americas:
      • Maya city-states
      • Mexica
      • Inca
      • Chaco
      • Mesa Verde
      • Cahokia

    1.5 State Building in Africa

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    GOV
    Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

    Unit 1.J
    Explain how and why states in Africa developed and changed over time.

    • KC-3.2.I.D.ii In Africa, as in Eurasia and the Americas, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity and expanded in scope and reach.

    Illustrative examples:

    • State systems in Africa:
      • Great Zimbabwe
      • Ethiopia
      • Hausa kingdoms

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    用同样三个问题考察六个区域——这正是本单元所要支撑的比较
    一套框架,六个区域:国家、信仰体系与经济基础,正是比较类题目真正要问的东西

    在美洲,各国家体系体现出延续、创新与多样:玛雅(Maya)城邦、以纳贡扩张的墨西加人(Mexica,阿兹特克),以及拥有中央集权行政、劳役义务与道路系统的印加(Inca)。

    在非洲,各国家体系同样各异:大津巴布韦(Great Zimbabwe)依托黄金与牲畜兴起,埃塞俄比亚(Ethiopia)是历史悠久的基督教王国,而豪萨城邦(Hausa Kingdoms)则位于跨撒哈拉贸易路线之上。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    Maya 玛雅 mǎ yǎ
    Mexica 墨西加人 mò xī jiā rén
    Inca 印加 yìn jiā
    Great Zimbabwe 大津巴布韦 dà jīn bā bù wéi
    Ethiopia 埃塞俄比亚 āi sāi é bǐ yà
    Hausa Kingdoms 豪萨城邦 háo sà chéng bāng
    1.6

    约1200年至约1450年欧洲的发展
    大纲

    1.6 Developments in Europe from c. 1200 to c. 1450

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    SIO
    Social Interactions and Organization — The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization.

    Unit 1.K
    Explain how the beliefs and practices of the predominant religions in Europe affected European society. THEMATIC FOCUS Governance GOV A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

    • KC-3.1.III.D.v Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and the core beliefs and practices of these religions continued to shape societies in Europe. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

    Unit 1.L
    Explain the causes and consequences of political decentralization in Europe from c. 1200 to c. 1450.

    • KC-3.2.I.B.ii Europe was politically fragmented and characterized by decentralized monarchies, feudalism, and the manorial system.

    Unit 1.M
    Explain the effects of agriculture on social organization in Europe from c. 1200 to c. 1450.

    • KC-3.3.III.C Europe was largely an agricultural society dependent on free and coerced labor, including serfdom.

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    欧洲政治上分裂(politically fragmented),以分权的君主国与封建制度(feudalism)为特征——即以服役换取土地的制度。君主逐步集权,但其行政能力远不及宋朝中国。

    基督教(Christianity)、犹太教(Judaism)与伊斯兰教都塑造着欧洲社会,而教会提供法律、学问与统治合法性。

    欧洲以农业为主,依赖自由与强制劳动(free and coerced labour),其中包括农奴制(serfdom)。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    politically fragmented 政治上分裂 zhèng zhì shàng fēn liè
    feudalism 封建制度 fēng jiàn zhì dù
    Christianity 基督教 jī dū jiào
    Judaism 犹太教 yóu tài jiào
    free and coerced labour 自由与强制劳动 zì yóu yǔ qiáng zhì láo dòng
    serfdom 农奴制 nóng nú zhì
    1.7

    约1200年至约1450年时期的比较分析
    大纲

    1.7 Comparison in the Period from c. 1200 to c. 1450

    Learning ObjectiveReview: Unit 1 Key Concepts

    Unit 1.N
    Explain the similarities and differences in the processes of state formation from c. 1200 to c. 1450.

    • KC-3.2 State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity in various regions.
      • KC-3.2.I As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged, most of which were dominated by Turkic peoples. These states demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity.
      • KC-3.2.I.A Empires and states in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity in the 13th century. This included the Song Dynasty of China, which utilized traditional methods of Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify its rule.
      • KC-3.2.I.B.i State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, including the new Hindu and Buddhist states that emerged in South and Southeast Asia.
      • KC-3.2.I.D.i In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, and expanded in scope and reach.
      • KC-3.2.I.D.ii In Africa, as in Eurasia and the Americas, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, and expanded in scope and reach.

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    本单元考查的推理能力是比较(comparison)。真正有效的比较是结构性的,而不是评价性的:

    • 中央集权行政(宋朝中国、印加)对比分裂或分权统治(欧洲、阿拔斯之后的伊斯兰各国)。
    • 以考试选官对比以出身选官。
    • 以纳贡支撑的国家(墨西加)对比以赋税支撑的国家(宋朝中国)。

    Worked example(一道真实的 AP 考题)。AP 世界历史的简答题常要求学生「指出一处相似之处」或「解释一处不同之处」,对象是同一时期的两个区域。本单元的满分答案会点出某一特征并同时套用于两者:「宋朝中国与印加帝国都依靠中央集权的官僚体系治理广阔疆域,但宋朝通过竞争性的科举选任官员,而印加则依靠世袭精英与劳役义务来充实行政。」*注意其结构:比较必须是一个特征、两个社会*。分别描述两个社会、让读者自己去推出比较,是拿不到分的。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    comparison 比较 bǐ jiào
    1.7

    考试技巧
    • 用同样三个问题——国家、信仰体系、经济——去学每个区域,这样任何比较题都已经有了结构。
    • 宋朝中国是基准:科举制官僚体系、商业化农业,以及对邻邦的文化影响。
    • 关于伊斯兰世界,要记住模式是分裂为新国家加上通过贸易与苏非传教士持续扩张。
    • 谈美洲与非洲要给出具体国家名称。墨西加的纳贡、印加的劳役义务、马里与大津巴布韦的黄金都是可靠的例证。
    • 欧洲的标志性特征是分裂、封建制度与强制性农业劳动。
    • 写比较时要一个特征贯穿两个社会,绝不要写成两段各自独立的描述。
  • 2

    交流网络
    单独打开本主题页面
    讲义 词汇表
    2.1

    丝绸之路
    大纲

    2.1 The Silk Roads

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    ECN
    Economics Systems — As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.

    Unit 2.A
    Explain the causes and effects of growth of networks of exchange after 1200.

    • KC-3.1.I.A.i Improved commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes— including the Silk Roads—promoting the growth of powerful new trading cities.
    • KC-3.1.I.C.i The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including the caravanserai, forms of credit, and the development of money economies.
    • KC-3.3.I.B Demand for luxury goods increased in Afro-Eurasia. Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export; manufacture of iron and steel expanded in China.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Trading cities:
      • Kashgar
      • Samarkand
    • New forms of credit and money economies:
      • Bills of exchange
      • Banking houses
      • Use of paper money

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    第二单元讲述 1200 至 1450 年三大交流网络——丝绸之路、印度洋与跨撒哈拉商路——并对每一个提出同样的问题:是什么使贸易增长,而这种增长又改变了什么?

    增长有三个共同原因,点出它们比罗列商品更有价值:

    • 商业惯例的改进(improved commercial practices)——货币经济(money economies)、信贷(credit),以及分摊风险的各种合伙形式。
    • 交通技术的改进(improved transportation technologies)——更好的船只、鞍具与导航手段。
    • 国家支持(state support)——保障商路并对贸易征税的帝国,从保护贸易中获益。

    需求同样重要:来自中国、波斯与印度工匠的奢侈品(luxury goods)在欧亚非找到不断扩大的市场,生产者随之扩大产量以满足需求。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    Improved commercial practices 商业惯例的改进 shāng yè guàn lì de gǎi jìn
    money economies 货币经济 huò bì jīng jì
    credit 信贷 xìn dài
    Improved transportation technologies 交通技术的改进 jiāo tōng jì shù de gǎi jìn
    State support 国家支持 guó jiā zhī chí
    luxury goods 奢侈品 shē chǐ pǐn
    2.1

    丝绸之路
    大纲

    2.1 The Silk Roads

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    ECN
    Economics Systems — As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.

    Unit 2.A
    Explain the causes and effects of growth of networks of exchange after 1200.

    • KC-3.1.I.A.i Improved commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes— including the Silk Roads—promoting the growth of powerful new trading cities.
    • KC-3.1.I.C.i The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including the caravanserai, forms of credit, and the development of money economies.
    • KC-3.3.I.B Demand for luxury goods increased in Afro-Eurasia. Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export; manufacture of iron and steel expanded in China.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Trading cities:
      • Kashgar
      • Samarkand
    • New forms of credit and money economies:
      • Bills of exchange
      • Banking houses
      • Use of paper money

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    丝绸之路(Silk Roads)在欧亚大陆上运送高价值、低体积的商品:丝绸、瓷器、香料与贵金属。

    促成它的创新既是技术上的,更是商业上的——沿线的商队旅馆(caravanserai)、中国使用的纸币(paper money)与汇票(bills of exchange),以及使商人无需携带金银即可交易的各种信贷形式。

    对生产者的影响是:中国工匠扩大产量,沿线城市因过境贸易而富庶。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    Silk Roads 丝绸之路 sī chóu zhī lù
    caravanserai 商队旅馆 shāng duì lǚ guǎn
    paper money 纸币 zhǐ bì
    bills of exchange 汇票 huì piào
    caravans 商队 shāng duì
    2.2

    蒙古帝国与现代世界的形成
    大纲

    2.2 The Mongol Empire and the Making of the Modern World

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    CDI
    Cultural Developments and Interactions — The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.

    Unit 2.B
    Explain the process of state building and decline in Eurasia over time. THEMATIC FOCUS Economics Systems ECN As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

    • KC-3.2.I.B.iii Empires collapsed in different regions of the world and in some areas were replaced by new imperial states, including the Mongol khanates. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

    Unit 2.C
    Explain how the expansion of empires influenced trade and communication over time.

    • KC-3.1.I.E.i The expansion of empires—including the Mongols—facilitated Afro-Eurasian trade and communication as new people were drawn into their conquerors’ economies and trade networks.

    Unit 2.D
    Explain the significance of the Mongol Empire in larger patterns of continuity and change.

    • KC-3.2.II.A.ii Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires, including the Mongols, encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Technological and cultural transfers:
      • Transfer of Greco– Islamic medical knowledge to western Europe
      • Transfer of numbering systems to Europe
      • Adoption of Uyghur script

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    这一时期各地帝国有兴有衰,而最大的变化来自蒙古帝国(Mongol Empire)。

    蒙古扩张把网络的大部分纳入单一权威之下,降低了长途旅行的风险,从而便利了欧亚非的贸易与交流——这一时期常被称为蒙古和平(Pax Mongolica)。

    跨区域的接触与冲突也促进了技术与文化传播(technological and cultural transfers):火药技术西传,中国的行政与医学知识流通,学者与工匠在帝国范围内被迁移安置。

    蒙古人体现了本单元的核心反讽:征服与破坏反而创造了交流的条件。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    Mongol Empire 蒙古帝国 méng gǔ dì guó
    Pax Mongolica 蒙古和平 méng gǔ hé píng
    encouraged technological and cultural transfers 技术与文化传播 jì shù yǔ wén huà chuán bō
    2.3

    印度洋上的交流
    大纲

    2.3 Exchange in the Indian Ocean

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    CDI
    Cultural Developments and Interactions — The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.

    Unit 2.E
    Explain the causes of the growth of networks of exchange after 1200.

    • KC-3.1.I.A.ii Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes, including the Indian Ocean, promoting the growth of powerful new trading cities.
    • KC-3.1.I.C.ii The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by significant innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including the use of the compass, the astrolabe, and larger ship designs.
    • KC-3.1.I.A.iii The Indian Ocean trading network fostered the growth of states.

    Unit 2.F
    Explain the effects of the growth of networks of exchange after 1200. THEMATIC FOCUS Humans and the Environments ENV The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations in turn shape their environments. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

    • KC-3.1.III.B In key places along important trade routes, merchants set up diasporic communities where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous cultures and, in turn, indigenous cultures influenced merchant cultures.
    • KC-3.2.II.A.iii Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers, including during Chinese maritime activity led by Ming Admiral Zheng He. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

    Unit 2.G
    Explain the role of environmental factors in the development of networks of exchange in the period from c. 1200 to c. 1450.

    • KC-3.1.II.A.i The expansion and intensification of long-distance trade routes often depended on environmental knowledge, including advanced knowledge of the monsoon winds.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Growth of states:
      • City-states of the Swahili Coast
      • Gujarat
      • Sultanate of Malacca
    • (CONT’D) Diasporic communities:
      • Arab and Persian communities in East Africa
      • Chinese merchant communities in Southeast Asia
      • Malay communities in the Indian Ocean basin

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    三大网络按运送何物、依托何种技术、改变了什么进行对比
    三个网络,一套框架:商品、使之成为可能的技术,以及产生的后果,正是比较题所要问的

    印度洋(Indian Ocean)网络运送的商品比丝绸之路更笨重——纺织品、木材、粮食与香料——因为船比骆驼装得多。

    促成它的技术是航海性的:对季风(monsoon winds)的掌握、三角帆(lateen sail)、单桅帆船(dhow),以及包括罗盘(compass)与星盘(astrolabe)在内的导航工具。

    它的后果是本单元最常考的内容:

    • 该网络促进国家成长(fostered the growth of states),如东非海岸的斯瓦希里城邦,以及东南亚的室利佛逝与满者伯夷。
    • 商人在重要港口建立侨居社群(diasporic communities),既带入自身文化,也吸收当地习俗。
    • 长途贸易依赖并扩大了强制劳动,人口的流动与货物的流动同样重要。
    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    monsoon winds 季风 jì fēng
    lateen sail 三角帆 sān jiǎo fān
    dhow 单桅帆船 dān wéi fān chuán
    compass 罗盘 luó pán
    astrolabe 星盘 xīng pán
    fostered the growth of states 促进国家成长 cù jìn guó jiā chéng zhǎng
    diasporic communities 侨居社群 qiáo jū shè qún
    2.4

    跨撒哈拉贸易路线
    大纲

    2.4 Trans-Saharan Trade Routes

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Differences

    GOV
    Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

    Unit 2.H
    Explain the causes and effects of the growth of trans-Saharan trade.

    • KC-3.1.II.A.ii The growth of interregional trade was encouraged by innovations in existing transportation technologies.
    • KC-3.1.I.A.iv Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes, including the trans-Saharan trade network.

    Unit 2.I
    Explain how the expansion of empires influenced trade and communication over time.

    • KC-3.1.I.E.ii The expansion of empires—including Mali in West Africa–facilitated Afro-Eurasian trade and communication as new people were drawn into the economies and trade networks.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Technologies encouraging interregional trade:
      • Camel saddle
      • Caravans

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    跨撒哈拉(trans-Saharan)商路依靠对既有技术的改良穿越沙漠——最重要的是骆驼鞍(camel saddle)与有组织的商队(caravans)。

    西非的黄金北运,盐(salt)南运。包括马里帝国(Mali)在内的帝国扩张,通过保障并征税于这些商路,便利了欧亚非贸易——而马里的财富及其君主著名的朝觐,使该地区在伊斯兰世界声名远播。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    camel saddle 骆驼鞍 luò tuó ān
    salt 盐 yán
    Mali 马里帝国 mǎ lǐ dì guó
    2.5 2.6

    互联互通的文化影响
    大纲

    2.5 Cultural Consequences of Connectivity

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    CDI
    Cultural Developments and Interactions — The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.

    Unit 2.J
    Explain the intellectual and cultural effects of the various networks of exchange in Afro-Eurasia from c. 1200 to c. 1450.

    • KC-3.1.III.D Increased cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions, as well as scientific and technological innovations.
    • KC-3.3.II The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline and periods of increased urbanization, buoyed by rising productivity and expanding trade networks.
    • KC-3.1.III.C As exchange networks intensified, an increasing number of travelers within Afro-Eurasia wrote about their travels.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Diffusion of cultural traditions:
      • The influence of Buddhism in East Asia
      • The spread of Hinduism and Buddhism into Southeast Asia
      • The spread of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia
    • Diffusion of scientific or technological innovations:
      • Gunpowder from China
      • Paper from China
    • Travelers:
      • Ibn Battuta
      • Margery Kempe
      • Marco Polo

    2.6 Environmental Consequences of Connectivity

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    ENV
    Humans and the Environments — The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations in turn shape their environments.

    Unit 2.K
    Explain the environmental effects of the various networks of exchange in Afro-Eurasia from c. 1200 to c. 1450.

    • KC-3.1.IV There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens, with epidemic diseases, including the bubonic plague, along trade routes.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Diffusion of crops:
      • Bananas in Africa
      • New rice varieties in East Asia
      • Spread of citrus in the Mediterranean

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    跨文化交往的增加带来了文学、艺术、科学与宗教传统的传播(diffusion)——伊斯兰教沿商路扩散、佛教与新儒学在东亚的影响,以及科学与数学知识的流动。

    越来越多的旅行者(travellers)在区域内部与区域之间移动,他们的记述是这一时期的关键史料。

    城市的命运各不相同:有的因商路改道或遭遇入侵而衰落,有的则成长为重要的商业中心。

    环境后果与文化后果同样巨大。作物与病原体的传播(diffusion of crops and pathogens)持续进行,流行病随贸易而行——其中最具灾难性的是黑死病(Black Death),它沿着运送货物的同一条条商路蔓延,夺去了欧亚非相当大一部分人口的生命。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    diffusion 传播 chuán bō
    travellers 旅行者 lǚ xíng zhě
    diffusion of crops and pathogens 作物与病原体的传播 zuò wù yǔ bìng yuán tǐ de chuán bō
    Black Death 黑死病 hēi sǐ bìng
    2.7

    经济交流的比较分析
    大纲

    2.7 Comparison of Economic Exchange

    Learning ObjectiveReview: Unit 2 Key Concepts

    Unit 2.L
    Explain the similarities and differences among the various networks of exchange in the period from c. 1200 to c. 1450.

    • KC-3.1 A deepening and widening of networks of human interaction within and across regions contributed to cultural, technological, and biological diffusion within and between various societies.
      • KC-3.1.I.A.i Improved commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes—including the Silk Roads—promoting the growth of powerful new trading cities.
      • KC-3.1.I.C.i The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including the caravanserai, forms of credit, and the development of money economies.
    • KC-3.3 Changes in trade networks resulted from and stimulated increasing productive capacity, with important implications for social and gender structures and environmental processes.
      • KC-3.3.I.B Demand for luxury goods increased in Afro-Eurasia. Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export; manufacture of iron and steel expanded in China.

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    本单元考查的推理能力是比较。要就"运送什么、靠什么成为可能、改变了什么"来比较这些网络,而不是去比较哪一个"最重要"。

    **Worked example(一道真实的 AP 考题)。*AP 世界历史的简答题常要求学生「解释一处相似之处」或「解释一处不同之处」,对象是这一时期的两个贸易网络。满分答案会点出某一特征、同时套用于两者,并加以解释:「丝绸之路与印度洋网络的扩张都得益于商业惯例的改进,但印度洋运送的是更重、单位价值更低的商品,如木材与粮食,因为船只的运载量远大于陆上商队。」*注意其结构:because 从句才把"不同"变成"解释",没有它就只是描述。

    2.7

    考试技巧
    • 用三个原因——商业惯例、交通技术、国家支持——来解释增长,而不要罗列贸易商品。
    • 让货物与运输方式相匹配:陆路运送高价值、低体积的商品;海路运送大宗商品。
    • 按网络记住其关键技术:商队旅馆与信贷;季风、三角帆与单桅帆船;骆驼鞍。
    • 蒙古人在考试中的角色是便利交流,而不是征服本身。
    • 黑死病是必须点出的环境后果,而且它正是沿着贸易网络本身传播的。
    • 回答"不同之处"的题目时,一定要补上原因。只写出差异而不给原因,只答了一半。
  • 3

    陆基帝国
    单独打开本主题页面
    讲义 词汇表
    3.1

    帝国的扩张
    大纲

    3.1 Empires Expand

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    GOV
    Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

    Unit 3.A
    Explain how and why various land-based empires developed and expanded from 1450 to 1750.

    • KC-4.3.II Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres.
    • KC-4.3.II.B Land empires included the Manchu in Central and East Asia; the Mughal in South and Central Asia; the Ottoman in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa; and the Safavids in the Middle East.
    • KC-4.3.III.i Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.

    Illustrative examples:

    • State rivalries:
      • Safavid–Mughal conflict
      • Songhai Empire’s conflict with Morocco

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    第三单元讲述约 1450 至 1750 年的陆基帝国(land-based empires)。四个问题贯穿全篇:它们如何扩张、如何治理、靠什么维持财政,以及如何运用宗教。

    扩张依赖火药、火炮与武装贸易(gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade)的日益使用——因此它们常被称为火药帝国(gunpowder empires)。掌握火药武器使中央统治者得以压制地方对手与筑垒贵族,于是军事技术与政治集权同步推进。

    需要掌握的帝国有:

    • 中亚与东亚的满清(Manchu/Qing)。
    • 南亚的莫卧儿(Mughal)。
    • 东地中海及其以外的奥斯曼(Ottoman)。
    • 波斯的萨法维(Safavid)。
    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    land-based empires 陆基帝国 lù jī dì guó
    increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade 火药、火炮与武装贸易 huǒ yào 、 huǒ pào yǔ wǔ zhuāng mào yì
    gunpowder empires 火药帝国 huǒ yào dì guó
    Manchu (Qing) 满清 mǎn qīng
    Mughal 莫卧儿 mò wò ér
    Ottoman 奥斯曼 ào sī màn
    Safavid 萨法维 sà fǎ wéi
    3.2

    帝国:行政管理
    大纲

    3.2 Empires: Administration

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    GOV
    Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

    Unit 3.B
    Explain how rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power in land-based empires from 1450 to 1750.

    • KC-4.3.I.C Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources.
    • KC-4.3.I.A Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule.
    • KC-4.3.I.D Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Bureaucratic elites or military professionals:
      • Ottoman devshirme
      • Salaried samurai
    • Religious ideas:
      • Mexica practice of human sacrifice
      • European notions of divine right
      • Songhai promotion of Islam
    • Art and monumental architecture:
      • Qing imperial portraits
      • Incan sun temple of Cuzco
      • Mughal mausolea and mosques
      • European palaces, such as Versailles
    • Tax-collection systems:
      • Mughal zamindar tax collection
      • Ottoman tax farming
      • Mexica tribute lists
      • Ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    四个帝国,同一套工具:各自如何选任官员、筹措财政与确立统治合法性
    同样的三个难题——人员、财源、合法性——被各帝国以不同方式解决

    统治者面对同一个问题:如何控制远离都城的疆域。CED 点明了他们使用的工具。

    官僚精英的选任(recruitment of bureaucratic elites)与职业军人(military professionals)的培养,为统治者提供了地位来自国家而非出身的官员。最典型的例子是奥斯曼的德夫希尔梅(devshirme)制度,它选拔并训练行政官员与士兵,包括耶尼切里(janissaries);满清延续了中国的科举(examination)制度;萨法维则使用古拉姆(ghulams)。

    财政收入通过纳贡(tribute collection)、包税制(tax farming)与各种创新的征税制度取得。莫卧儿的柴明达尔(zamindar)制度与奥斯曼的包税制是标准例证,明朝以硬通货(hard currency)征税则是另一例。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    Recruitment of bureaucratic elites 官僚精英的选任 guān liáo jīng yīng de xuǎn rèn
    military professionals 职业军人 zhí yè jūn rén
    devshirme 德夫希尔梅 dé fū xī ěr méi
    janissaries 耶尼切里 yé ní qiè lǐ
    ghulams 古拉姆 gǔ lā mǔ
    tribute collection 纳贡 nà gòng
    tax farming 包税制 bāo shuì zhì
    zamindar 柴明达尔 chái míng dá ěr
    hard currency 硬通货 yìng tōng huò
    3.3

    帝国:信仰体系
    大纲

    3.3 Empires: Belief Systems

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    CDI
    Cultural Developments and Interactions — The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.

    Unit 3.C
    Explain continuity and change within the various belief systems during the period from 1450 to 1750.

    • KC-4.1.VI.i The Protestant Reformation marked a break with existing Christian traditions and both the Protestant and Catholic reformations contributed to the growth of Christianity.
    • KC-4.1.VI.ii Political rivalries between the Ottoman and Safavid empires intensified the split within Islam between Sunni and Shi’a.
    • KC-4.1.VI.iii Sikhism developed in South Asia in a context of interactions between Hinduism and Islam.

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    统治者继续借助宗教观念、艺术与纪念性建筑(religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture)确立统治合法性——莫卧儿的清真寺与陵墓、奥斯曼的清真寺建筑群、清朝的帝王画像,以及凡尔赛宫等欧洲宫殿,所起的作用是一样的。

    宗教变迁也带来冲突:

    • 新教改革(Protestant Reformation)标志着与既有基督教传统的决裂,并在欧洲引发持久的宗教与政治冲突。
    • 奥斯曼与萨法维之间的政治对抗加剧了逊尼派与什叶派分裂(Sunni-Shia split),这显示出国家间的对抗如何加深一场宗教分歧。
    • 锡克教(Sikhism)在印度教与伊斯兰教互动的背景下于南亚形成。

    政治与宗教争端共同在欧亚各地造成了国家之间的对抗与冲突(rivalries and conflict between states)。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture 宗教观念、艺术与纪念性建筑 zōng jiào guān niàn 、 yì shù yǔ jì niàn xìng jiàn zhù
    Protestant Reformation 新教改革 xīn jiào gǎi gé
    Sunni-Shia split 逊尼派与什叶派分裂 xùn ní pài yǔ shén yè pài fēn liè
    Sikhism 锡克教 xī kè jiào
    rivalries and conflict between states 国家之间的对抗与冲突 guó jiā zhī jiān de duì kàng yǔ chōng tū
    3.4

    陆基帝国的比较分析
    大纲

    3.4 Comparison in Land-Based Empires

    Learning ObjectiveReview: Unit 3 Key Concepts

    Unit 3.D
    Compare the methods by which various empires increased their influence from 1450 to 1750.

    • KC-4.1 The interconnection of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres made possible by transoceanic voyaging, transformed trade and had a significant social impact on the world.
      • KC-4.1.VI In some cases, the increase and intensification of interactions between newly connected hemispheres expanded the reach and furthered development of existing religions, and contributed to religious conflicts and the development of syncretic belief systems and practices.
    • KC-4.3 Empires achieved increased scope and influence around the world, shaping and being shaped by the diverse populations they incorporated.
      • KC-4.3.II Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres.
      • KC-4.3.II.B Land empires included the Manchu in Central and East Asia; Mughal in South and Central Asia; Ottoman in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa; and the Safavids in the Middle East.
      • KC-4.3.III.i Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    本单元考查的推理能力是比较,而有效的比较关乎方法,而非规模:

    • 以科举选官(清)对比以奴隶精英制选官(奥斯曼德夫希尔梅、萨法维古拉姆)。
    • 包税制(奥斯曼)对比土地税中间人(莫卧儿柴明达尔)对比直接征税(明朝硬通货)。
    • 以宗教身份确立合法性(萨法维以什叶派为国教)对比以容纳多元确立合法性(阿克巴时期的莫卧儿政策)。

    Worked example(一道真实的 AP 考题)。本单元的 AP 世界历史简答题通常要求学生「解释一处相似之处」,或「解释陆基帝国维持权力方式上的一处不同」。满分答案会为两者点出方法并说明其效果:「奥斯曼与莫卧儿都借助中间人而非领薪税吏来征收赋税,但奥斯曼采用包税制,即以固定付款出售征税权;而莫卧儿依靠柴明达尔,这些世袭地主的地方声望使他们对乡村拥有长久的利益关切。」*注意其结构:比较的是同一项职能*(筹措财政)的两种做法,并说明其后果。

    3.4

    考试技巧
    • 要说清火药为什么重要:它使中央统治者得以压制地方对手,因此军事变革与集权是同步的。
    • 按行政方法而不是按疆域来记这四个帝国——德夫希尔梅、科举、柴明达尔、古拉姆。
    • 包税制出售的是征税权,而柴明达尔是世袭地主。题目正是考这一区别。
    • 纪念性建筑是确立合法性的证据,而不是装饰。要写出它在做什么。
    • 奥斯曼与萨法维的对抗是政治冲突加深宗教分歧的范例。
    • 比较应当写成同一项职能的两种做法,并说明其后果。
  • 4

    跨洋联系
    单独打开本主题页面
    讲义 词汇表
    4.1 4.2

    1450年至1750年的技术革新
    大纲

    4.1 Technological Innovations from1450 to 1750

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    TEC
    Technology and Innovation — Human adaptation and innovation have resulted in increased efficiency, comfort, and security, and technological advances have shaped human development and interactions with both intended and unintended consequences.

    Unit 4.A
    Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technology and facilitated changes in patterns of trade and travel from 1450 to 1750.

    • KC-4.1.II Knowledge, scientific learning, and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spread, facilitating European technological developments and innovation.
    • KC-4.1.II.A The developments included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of regional wind and currents patterns—all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Innovations in ship design:
      • Caravel
      • Carrack
      • Fluyt
    • European technological developments influenced by cross-cultural interactions with the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds:
      • Lateen sail
      • Compass
      • Astronomical charts

    4.2 Exploration: Causes and Events from 1450 to 1750

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    GOV
    Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

    Unit 4.B
    Describe the role of states in the expansion of maritime exploration from 1450 to 1750. THEMATIC FOCUS Economics Systems ECN As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

    • KC-4.1.III New state-supported transoceanic maritime exploration occurred in this period. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

    Unit 4.C
    Explain the economic causes and effects of maritime exploration by the various European states.

    • KC-4.1.III.A Portuguese development of maritime technology and navigational skills led to increased travel to and trade with Africa and Asia and resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire.
    • KC-4.1.III.B Spanish sponsorship of the voyages of Columbus and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade.
    • KC-4.1.III.C Northern Atlantic crossings were undertaken under English, French, and Dutch sponsorship, often with the goal of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia.

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    第四单元讲述 1450 至 1750 年——东西两半球被永久连接起来的时期,以及这一连接所带来的后果。

    远航建立在借来的知识之上。来自古典世界、伊斯兰世界与亚洲的学问与技术在欧洲被汇集并加以运用:新工具、船舶设计(ship design)的革新,以及对航海(navigation)的更好理解——卡拉维尔帆船(caravel)、星盘、磁罗盘,以及对风系的认识。

    随后是国家支持的海上探索(state-supported maritime exploration):

    • 葡萄牙发展航海技术与导航能力,开辟了绕过非洲通往印度洋的海路。
    • 西班牙资助哥伦布及其后的航行,打开了通往美洲的大西洋航路。
    • 英国、法国与荷兰随后横渡北大西洋。

    动机兼有对财富的追求、国家间竞争与宗教使命。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    ship design 船舶设计 chuán bó shè jì
    navigation 航海 háng hǎi
    caravel 卡拉维尔帆船 kǎ lā wéi ěr fān chuán
    State-supported maritime exploration 国家支持的海上探索 guó jiā zhī chí de hǎi shàng tàn suǒ
    4.3

    哥伦布大交换
    大纲

    4.3 Columbian Exchange

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    ENV
    Humans and the Environments — The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations in turn shape their environments.

    Unit 4.D
    Explain the causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effects on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

    • KC-4.1.V The new connections between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres resulted in the exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases, known as the Columbian Exchange.
    • KC-4.1.V.A European colonization of the Americas led to the unintentional transfer of disease vectors, including mosquitoes and rats, and the spread of diseases that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere, including smallpox, measles, and malaria. Some of these diseases substantially reduced the indigenous populations, with catastrophic effects in many areas.
    • KC-4.1.V.B American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East.
    • KC-4.1.V.C Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African enslaved persons.
    • KC-4.1.V.D Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefitted nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Domesticated animals:
      • Horses
      • Pigs
      • Cattle
    • Foods brought by African enslaved persons:
      • Okra
      • Rice

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    哥伦布大交换的双向流动,以及推动大西洋奴隶贸易的人口后果
    交换是双向的,但后果并不对称

    两半球之间的新联系产生了哥伦布大交换(Columbian Exchange),CED 明确列出四项后果。

    • 欧洲殖民导致疾病的非蓄意传播(unintentional transfer of disease)进入美洲,造成灾难性的人口损失。
    • 美洲作物(American foods)——玉米、马铃薯、木薯——成为欧洲、亚洲与非洲部分地区的主粮。
    • 欧亚非的果树、谷物、蔗糖与驯化动物(domesticated animals)被带到美洲,重塑了当地的景观与经济。
    • 欧亚非人口因食物种类更丰富而营养状况改善(benefited nutritionally),推动了人口增长。

    不对称正是考点所在:同一场交换在欧亚非提高了人口,在美洲却摧毁了人口。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    Columbian Exchange 哥伦布大交换 gē lún bù dà jiāo huàn
    unintentional transfer of disease 疾病的非蓄意传播 jí bìng de fēi xù yì chuán bō
    American foods 美洲作物 měi zhōu zuò wù
    domesticated animals 驯化动物 xùn huà dòng wù
    benefited nutritionally 营养状况改善 yíng yǎng zhuàng kuàng gǎi shàn
    4.4

    海洋帝国的建立
    大纲

    4.4 Maritime Empires Established

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    ECN
    Economics Systems — As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.

    Unit 4.E
    Explain the process of state building and expansion among various empires and states in the period from 1450 to 1750.

    • KC-4.3.II.A.i Europeans established new trading posts in Africa and Asia, which proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved in new global trade networks. Some Asian states sought to limit the disruptive economic and cultural effects of European-dominated long-distance trade by adopting restrictive or isolationist trade policies.
    • KC-4.3.II.C Driven largely by political, religious, and economic rivalries, European states established new maritime empires, including the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British.
    • KC-4.3.II.A.ii The expansion of maritime trading networks fostered the growth of states in Africa, including the Asante and the Kingdom of the Kongo, whose participation in trading networks led to an increase in their influence.

    Unit 4.F
    Explain the continuities and changes in economic systems and labor systems from 1450 to 1750. THEMATIC FOCUS Social Interactions and Organization SIO The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

    • KC-4.3.II.A.iii Despite some disruption and restructuring due to the arrival of Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch merchants, existing trade networks in the Indian Ocean continued to flourish and included intra-Asian trade and Asian merchants.
    • KC-4.2.II.D Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on agriculture, utilized existing labor systems, including the Incan mit’a, and introduced new labor systems including chattel slavery, indentured servitude, and encomienda and hacienda systems. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

    Unit 4.G
    Explain changes and continuities in systems of slavery in the period from 1450 to 1750.

    • KC-4.2.II.B Enslavement in Africa continued in its traditional forms, including incorporation of enslaved persons into households and the export of enslaved persons to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean regions.
    • KC-4.2.II.C The growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for enslaved labor in the Americas, leading to significant demographic, social, and cultural changes.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Asian states that adopted restrictive or isolationist trade policies:
      • Ming China
      • Tokugawa Japan
    • (CONT’D) Indian Ocean Asian merchants:
      • Swahili Arabs
      • Omanis
      • Gujaratis
      • Javanese

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    欧洲人在非洲与亚洲设立商站(trading posts),获利丰厚;在美洲则由政治、宗教与经济上的对抗(rivalries)推动而推行殖民。

    在既有国家强大的地方,欧洲人从事贸易而非征服:尽管葡萄牙人的到来造成了一些扰动,印度洋既有贸易网络得以延续(existing trade networks in the Indian Ocean continued),交易条件在很大程度上由亚洲国家决定。

    美洲的模式则不同。殖民地经济依赖农业与强制劳动(coerced labour):

    • 非洲的奴役以其传统形式延续,包括被吸纳进家户之中。
    • 种植园经济(plantation economy)的成长增加了对被奴役劳动力的需求,大西洋奴隶贸易为供应这一需求而急剧扩张。
    • 委托监护制与米塔制(mita)等制度强征原住民劳动。
    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    trading posts 商站 shāng zhàn
    rivalries 对抗 duì kàng
    existing trade networks in the Indian Ocean continued 印度洋既有贸易网络得以延续 yìn dù yáng jì yǒu mào yì wǎng luò dé yǐ yán xù
    coerced labour 强制劳动 qiáng zhì láo dòng
    plantation economy 种植园经济 zhòng zhí yuán jīng jì
    mita 米塔制 mǐ tǎ zhì
    4.5 4.7

    海洋帝国的维持与发展
    大纲

    4.5 Maritime Empires Maintained and Developed

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    CDI
    Cultural Developments and Interactions — The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.

    Unit 4.H
    Explain how rulers employed economic strategies to consolidate and maintain power throughout the period from 1450 to 1750.

    • KC-4.1.IV.C Mercantilist policies and practices were used by European rulers to expand and control their economies and claim overseas territories. Joint-stock companies, influenced by these mercantilist principles, were used by rulers and merchants to finance exploration and were used by rulers to compete against one another in global trade.
    • KC-4.3.III.ii Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.

    Unit 4.I
    Explain the continuities and changes in networks of exchange from 1450 to 1750. THEMATIC FOCUS Social Interactions and Organization SIO The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

    • KC-4.1.IV.D.i The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of goods, wealth, and labor, including enslaved persons.
    • KC-4.1.IV The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by chartered European monopoly companies and the global flow of silver, especially from Spanish colonies in the Americas, which was used to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets and satisfy Chinese demand for silver. Regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic and regional shipping services developed by European merchants.
    • KC-4.2.II.A Peasant and artisan labor continued and intensified in many regions as the demand for food and consumer goods increased. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

    Unit 4.J
    Explain how political, economic, and cultural factors affected society from 1450 to 1750.

    • KC-4.2.III.C Some notable gender and family restructuring occurred, including demographic changes in Africa that resulted from the trade of enslaved persons.
    • KC-4.1.IV.D.ii The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of labor—including enslaved persons and the mixing of African, American, and European cultures and peoples, with all parties contributing to this cultural synthesis.

    Unit 4.K
    Explain the similarities and differences in how various belief systems affected societies from 1450 to 1750.

    • KC-4.1.VI In some cases, the increase and intensification of interactions between newly connected hemispheres expanded the reach and furthered development of existing religions, and contributed to religious conflicts and the development of syncretic belief systems and practices.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Competition over trade routes:
      • Muslim–European rivalry in the Indian Ocean
      • Moroccan conflict with the Songhai Empire
    • (CONT’D) Increased peasant and artisan labor:
      • Western Europe— wool and linen
      • India—cotton
      • China—silk

    4.7 Changing Social Hierarchies from1450 to 1750

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    SIO
    Social Interactions and Organization — The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization.

    Unit 4.M
    Explain how social categories, roles, and practices have been maintained or have changed over time.

    • KC-4.3.I.B Many states, such as the Mughal and Ottoman empires, adopted practices to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects or to utilize the economic, political, and military contributions of different ethnic or religious groups. In other cases, states suppressed diversity or limited certain groups’ roles in society, politics, or the economy.
    • KC-4.2.III.A Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites, including in China with the transition to the Qing Dynasty and in the Americas with the rise of the Casta system.
    • KC-4.2.III.B The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as the elites confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Differential treatment of groups in society, politics, and the economy:
      • Expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal; the acceptance of Jews in the Ottoman Empire
      • Restrictive policies against Han Chinese in Qing China
      • Varying status of different classes of women within the Ottoman Empire
    • Existing elites:
      • Ottoman timars
      • Russian boyars
      • European nobility

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    欧洲统治者以重商主义(mercantilist)政策扩张并控制本国经济:殖民地的存在是为了提供原料并购买制成品,贸易须经由母国进行。

    大西洋贸易体系(Atlantic trading system)在欧洲、非洲与美洲之间转移货物、财富与人口——通常以"三角贸易"来讲授,但实际航线更为复杂。

    经济纠纷导致国家之间的对抗与冲突,商业竞争成为欧洲战争的长期根源。

    殖民地社会形成了新的社会等级(social hierarchies),以血统与出生地界定——其中西班牙的卡斯塔(casta)制度成文化程度最高。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    Mercantilist 重商主义 zhòng shāng zhǔ yì
    Atlantic trading system 大西洋贸易体系 dà xī yáng mào yì tǐ xì
    social hierarchies 社会等级 shè huì děng jí
    4.6

    1450年至1750年国家权力面临的内外挑战
    大纲

    4.6 Internal and External Challenges to State Power from 1450 to 1750

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    GOV
    Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

    Unit 4.L
    Explain the effects of the development of state power from 1450 to 1750.

    • KC-4.3.III.iii State expansion and centralization led to resistance from an array of social, political, and economic groups on a local level.
    • KC-5.3.III.C Enslaved persons challenged existing authorities in the Americas through organized resistance.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Local resistance:
      • Pueblo Revolts
      • Fronde
      • Cossack revolts
      • Maratha conflict with Mughals
      • Ana Nzinga’s resistance (as ruler of Ndongo and Matamba)
      • Metacom’s War (King Philip’s War)
    • Resistance of enslaved persons:
      • The establishment of Maroon societies in the Caribbean and Brazil
      • Resistance of enslaved persons in North America

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    各地统治者都面临抵抗。被奴役者以起义(rebellion)与逃奴社群(maroon communities)反抗;原住民抵制殖民索求;欧亚各地的农民与宗教群体也挑战国家权力。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    rebellion 起义 qǐ yì
    maroon communities 逃奴社群 táo nú shè qún
    4.8

    1450年至1750年的延续与变化
    大纲

    4.8 Continuity and Change from 1450 to 1750

    Learning ObjectiveReview: Unit 4 Key Concepts

    Unit 4.N
    Explain how economic developments from 1450 to 1750 affected social structures over time.

    • KC-4.1 The interconnection of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, made possible by transoceanic voyaging, transformed trade and had a significant social impact on the world.
      • KC-4.1.II Knowledge, scientific learning, and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spread, facilitating European technological developments and innovation.
      • KC-4.1.II.A The developments included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of regional wind and currents patterns—all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible.
    • KC-4.2 Although the world’s productive systems continued to be heavily centered on agriculture, major changes occurred in agricultural labor, the systems and locations of manufacturing, gender and social structures, and environmental processes.
      • KC-4.2.II The demand for labor intensified as a result of the growing global demand for raw materials and finished products. Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed in nature, plantations expanded, and the Atlantic slave trade developed and intensified.
    • KC-4.3 Empires achieved increased scope and influence around the world, shaping and being shaped by the diverse populations they incorporated.
      • KC-4.3.III.ii Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    本单元考查的推理能力是延续与变化。最好的答案会兼顾两者:两半球之间的连接确实是全新的,而农业、强制劳动与陆基帝国的主导地位则延续了下来。

    **Worked example(一道真实的 AP 考题)。*本单元的 AP 世界历史简答题会要求,例如「解释哥伦布大交换对美洲的一项影响」以及「……对欧亚非的一项影响」。满分的两问会各自写出影响与机制:「在美洲,天花等传入疾病造成人口锐减,由此产生的劳动力短缺被欧洲殖民者以扩大大西洋奴隶贸易来填补。在欧亚非,马铃薯与玉米等美洲作物改善了营养状况,推动了人口增长。」*注意其结构:影响类题目要求追溯后果,而两问的答案不能是同一个内容写两遍。

    4.8

    考试技巧
    • 用借来的技术加上国家支持来解释远航,而不要围绕个别探险家展开。
    • 把哥伦布大交换讲成双向且不对称的:美洲人口下降,欧亚非人口上升。
    • 亚洲国家强大之处,欧洲人从事贸易;疾病摧毁了当地社会之处,他们进行征服。这一对比能回答很多题目。
    • 重商主义是政策,大西洋体系是流动,而强制劳动才是种植园经济得以运转的原因。
    • 一定要写上抵抗——起义、逃奴社群、原住民的拒绝——这在考查范围内,却常被遗漏。
    • 回答影响题时要追溯后果。只点出变化而不给机制,只能得一半分。
  • 5

    革命
    单独打开本主题页面
    讲义 词汇表
    5.1

    启蒙运动
    大纲

    5.1 The Enlightenment

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    SIO
    Social Interactions and Organization — The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization.

    Unit 5.A
    Explain the intellectual and ideological context in which revolutions swept the Atlantic world from 1750 to 1900.

    • KC-5.3.I.A Enlightenment philosophies applied new ways of understanding and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationships; they also reexamined the role that religion played in public life and emphasized the importance of reason. Philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract.
    • KC-5.3.I The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded revolutions and rebellions against existing governments.
    • KC-5.3.II.i Nationalism also became a major force shaping the historical development of states and empires.

    Unit 5.B
    Explain how the Enlightenment affected societies over time.

    • KC-5.3.I.C Enlightenment ideas and religious ideals influenced various reform movements. These reform movements contributed to the expansion of rights, as seen in expanded suffrage, the abolition of slavery, and the end of serfdom.
    • KC-5.3.IV.B Demands for women’s suffrage and an emergent feminism challenged political and gender hierarchies.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Demands:
      • Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
      • Olympe de Gouges’s Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen
      • Seneca Falls Conference (1848) organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    第五单元讲述 1750 至 1900 年,其中有两台引擎同时运转:一场改变人们如何论证政治权威的思想革命,以及一场改变社会如何生产与生活的工业革命。多数题目要求你把两者连接起来。

    启蒙运动(Enlightenment)的哲学把新的理解方式与实证方法(empirical approaches)同时运用于自然世界与人际关系。由此产生了质疑既有传统的一系列观念:

    • 个人主义(individualism)、天赋权利(natural rights)与社会契约(social contract)。
    • 对宗教宽容(religious tolerance)的诉求,以及对既有权威加以限制的主张。

    这些观念影响了各种改革运动(reform movements):选举权的扩大、奴隶制的废除,以及妇女选举权诉求(demands for women's suffrage)与新兴的女权主义(feminism),后者挑战了政治与性别等级。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    Enlightenment 启蒙运动 qǐ méng yùn dòng
    empirical approaches 实证方法 shí zhèng fāng fǎ
    Individualism 个人主义 gè rén zhǔ yì
    natural rights 天赋权利 tiān fù quán lì
    social contract 社会契约 shè huì qì yuē
    religious tolerance 宗教宽容 zōng jiào kuān róng
    reform movements 改革运动 gǎi gé yùn dòng
    demands for women's suffrage 妇女选举权诉求 fù nǚ xuǎn jǔ quán sù qiú
    feminism 女权主义 nǚ quán zhǔ yì
    5.2

    1750年至1900年时期的民族主义与革命
    大纲

    5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions in the Period from 1750 to 1900

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    GOV
    Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

    Unit 5.C
    Explain causes and effects of the various revolutions in the period from 1750 to 1900.

    • KC-5.3.II.ii People around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, and territory. This was sometimes harnessed by governments to foster a sense of unity.
    • KC-5.3 The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world.
    • KC-5.3.IV.A.i Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of systems of government and various ideologies, including democracy and 19th-century liberalism.
    • KC-5.3.III.B Colonial subjects in the Americas led a series of rebellions inspired by democratic ideals. The American Revolution, and its successful establishment of a republic, the United States of America, was a model and inspiration for a number of the revolutions that followed. The American Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and the Latin American independence movements facilitated the emergence of independent states in the Americas.
    • KC-5.3.I.B The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers, as reflected in revolutionary documents— including the American Declaration of Independence during the American Revolution, the French “Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen” during the French Revolution, and Bolívar’s “Letter from Jamaica” on the eve of the Latin American revolutions— influenced resistance to existing political authority, often in pursuit of independence and democratic ideals.
    • KC-5.3.II.iii Newly imagined national communities often linked this new national identity with borders of the state, and in some cases, nationalists challenged boundaries or sought unification of fragmented regions.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Call for national unification or liberation:
      • Propaganda Movement in the Philippines
      • Maori nationalism and the New Zealand wars in New Zealand
      • Puerto Rico—writings of Lola Rodríguez de Tió
      • German and Italian unifications
      • Balkan nationalisms
      • Ottomanism

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    民族主义(nationalism)成为塑造历史进程的重要力量。各地人们基于语言、宗教、社会习俗与地域形成新的共同体意识(commonality),而这些新建构的民族共同体往往与国家建构联系在一起。

    对君主制与帝国统治的不满促成了革命(revolution)。革命文献所体现的启蒙观念为这些运动提供了正当性,而美洲的殖民地臣民领导了一系列受其启发的起义——考试范围内的一组是美国革命、法国大革命、海地革命与拉丁美洲革命。

    需要把握的模式是:一个观念(权利、同意、民族)加上一项不满(税收、被排斥、奴役、殖民统治)造就一场运动。只写观念或只写不满的答案,什么也没解释。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    Nationalism 民族主义 mín zú zhǔ yì
    commonality 共同体意识 gòng tóng tǐ yì shí
    revolution 革命 gé mìng
    5.3

    工业革命的开端
    大纲

    5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    ENV
    Humans and the Environments — The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations in turn shape their environments.

    Unit 5.D
    Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

    • KC-5.1.I.A A variety of factors contributed to the growth of industrial production and eventually resulted in the Industrial Revolution, including: Bullet Proximity to waterways; access to rivers and canals Bullet Geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber Bullet Urbanization Bullet Improved agricultural productivity Bullet Legal protection of private property Bullet Access to foreign resources Bullet Accumulation of capital
    • KC-5.1.I.C The development of the factory system concentrated production in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor.

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    为什么最先发生在英国:CED 列出的各项因素,以及每一项提供了什么
    工业化需要多项条件同时具备——这正是为什么问题总是"为何在此地、为何在此时"

    多种因素共同促成了工业生产的增长:能够获取煤炭(coal)与铁(iron)、可通航的河流与运河、把劳动力从土地上解放出来的农业生产率(agricultural productivity)、资本(capital)及对资本的法律保护、城市化,以及通过海外帝国获得原料与市场。

    工厂制度(factory system)把生产集中到单一场所并加以监管,取代了分散的家庭生产。这一变化——组织上的意义不亚于技术上的——正是产量得以扩大的原因。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    coal 煤炭 méi tàn
    iron 铁 tiě
    agricultural productivity 农业生产率 nóng yè shēng chǎn lǜ
    capital 资本 zī běn
    factory system 工厂制度 gōng chǎng zhì dù
    5.4 5.5

    1750年至1900年时期工业化的扩散
    大纲

    5.4 Industrialization Spreads in the Period from 1750 to 1900

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    TEC
    Technology and Innovation — Human adaptation and innovation have resulted in increased efficiency, comfort, and security, and technological advances have shaped human development and interactions with both intended and unintended consequences.

    Unit 5.E
    Explain how different modes and locations of production have developed and changed over time.

    • KC-5.1.II.B The rapid development of steam-powered industrial production in European countries and the U.S. contributed to the increase in these regions’ share of global manufacturing during the first Industrial Revolution. While Middle Eastern and Asian countries continued to produce manufactured goods, these regions’ share in global manufacturing declined.
    • KC-5.1.I.D As new methods of industrial production became more common in parts of northwestern Europe, they spread to other parts of Europe and the United States, Russia, and Japan.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Decline of Middle Eastern and Asian share in global manufacturing:
      • Shipbuilding in India and Southeast Asia
      • Iron works in India
      • Textile production in India and Egypt

    5.5 Technology of the Industrial Age

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    TEC
    Technology and Innovation — Human adaptation and innovation have resulted in increased efficiency, comfort, and security, and technological advances have shaped human development and interactions with both intended and unintended consequences.

    Unit 5.F
    Explain how technology shaped economic production over time.

    • KC-5.1.I.B The development of machines, including steam engines and the internal combustion engine, made it possible to take advantage of both existing and vast newly discovered resources of energy stored in fossil fuels, specifically coal and oil. The fossil fuels revolution greatly increased the energy available to human societies.
    • KC-5.1.I.E The “second industrial revolution” led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery during the second half of the 19th century.
    • KC-5.1.IV Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph made exploration, development, and communication possible in interior regions globally, which led to increased trade and migration.

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    欧洲蒸汽动力(steam-powered)工业生产的迅速发展扩散到其他地区;随着新方法日益普及,实现工业化的国家在财富与军事力量上取得了对未工业化国家的巨大优势。

    技术使这一变化不断叠加:蒸汽机(steam engine)以及后来的内燃机(internal combustion engine);钢铁、化学与电力领域的第二次工业革命(second industrial revolution);以及使远距离的探索、殖民与行政管理成为可能的铁路(railroads)、蒸汽船(steamships)与电报(telegraph)。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    steam-powered 蒸汽动力 zhēng qì dòng lì
    steam engine 蒸汽机 zhēng qì jī
    internal combustion engine 内燃机 nèi rán jī
    second industrial revolution 第二次工业革命 dì èr cì gōng yè gé mìng
    railroads 铁路 tiě lù
    steamships 蒸汽船 zhēng qì chuán
    telegraph 电报 diàn bào
    5.6 5.7 5.8

    工业化:1750年至1900年政府的角色
    大纲

    5.6 Industrialization: Government’s Role from 1750 to 1900

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    GOV
    Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

    Unit 5.G
    Explain the causes and effects of economic strategies of different states and empires.

    • KC-5.1.V.C As the influence of the Industrial Revolution grew, a small number of states and governments promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialization.
    • KC-5.2.II.A The expansion of U.S. and European influence in Asia led to internal reform in Japan that supported industrialization and led to the growing regional power of Japan in the Meiji Era.

    Illustrative examples:

    • State-sponsored visions of industrialization:
      • Muhammad Ali’s development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt

    5.7 Economic Developments and Innovations in the Industrial Age

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    ECN
    Economics Systems — As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.

    Unit 5.H
    Explain the development of economic systems, ideologies, and institutions and how they contributed to change in the period from 1750 to 1900.

    • KC-5.1.III.A Western European countries began abandoning mercantilism and adopting free trade policies, partly in response to the growing acceptance of Adam Smith’s theories of laissez-faire capitalism and free markets.
    • KC-5.1.III.B The global nature of trade and production contributed to the proliferation of large-scale transnational businesses that relied on new practices in banking and finance.
    • KC-5.1 The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Transnational businesses:
      • Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC)
      • Unilever based in England and the Netherlands and operating in British West Africa and the Belgian Congo
    • Financial instruments:
      • Stock markets
      • Limited-liability corporations

    5.8 Reactions to the Industrial Economy from 1750 to 1900

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    SIO
    Social Interactions and Organization — The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization.

    Unit 5.I
    Explain the causes and effects of calls for changes in industrial societies from 1750 to 1900.

    • KC-5.1.V.D In response to the social and economic changes brought about by industrial capitalism, some governments, organizations, and individuals promoted various types of political, social, educational, and urban reforms.
    • KC-5.1.V.A In industrialized states, many workers organized themselves, often in labor unions, to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages. Workers’ movements and political parties emerged in different areas, promoting alternative visions of society.
    • KC-5.3.IV.A.ii Discontent with established power structures encouraged the development of various ideologies, including those espoused by Karl Marx, and the ideas of socialism and communism.
    • KC-5.1.V.B In response to the expansion of industrializing states, some governments in Asia and Africa, including the Ottoman Empire and Qing China, sought to reform and modernize their economies and militaries. Reform efforts were often resisted by some members of government or established elite groups.

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    随着工业影响扩大,少数国家直接推动工业化(states sponsored industrialisation)——标准例证是明治日本、由国家主导计划推进的俄国,以及穆罕默德·阿里治下的埃及。

    西欧国家开始放弃重商主义,转向自由贸易(free trade)政策,而贸易与生产的全球性质促成了跨国企业(transnational businesses)与新金融工具的大量出现。

    反应来自多个方向:

    • 工人组织起来,往往通过工会(labour unions),争取缩短工时、改善安全与提高工资。
    • 出现了关于社会的替代方案——社会主义(socialism)、共产主义(communism)与无政府主义(anarchism)——作为对工业资本主义的批判。
    • 一些政府就劳动条件、童工与公共卫生通过了改革立法(reform legislation)。
    • 工业化国家的扩张促使亚洲其他地区兴起内部改革运动(internal reform movements),各国试图回应新的压力。
    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    states sponsored industrialisation 国家推动工业化 guó jiā tuī dòng gōng yè huà
    free trade 自由贸易 zì yóu mào yì
    transnational businesses 跨国企业 kuà guó qǐ yè
    labour unions 工会 gōng huì
    socialism 社会主义 shè huì zhǔ yì
    communism 共产主义 gòng chǎn zhǔ yì
    anarchism 无政府主义 wú zhèng fǔ zhǔ yì
    reform legislation 改革立法 gǎi gé lì fǎ
    internal reform movements 内部改革运动 nèi bù gǎi gé yùn dòng
    5.9

    社会与工业时代
    大纲

    5.9 Society and the Industrial Age

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    SIO
    Social Interactions and Organization — The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization.

    Unit 5.J
    Explain how industrialization caused change in existing social hierarchies and standards of living.

    • KC-5.1.VI.A New social classes, including the middle class and the industrial working class, developed.
    • KC-5.1.VI.B While women and often children in working class families typically held wage-earning jobs to supplement their families’ income, middle-class women who did not have the same economic demands to satisfy were increasingly limited to roles in the household or roles focused on child development.
    • KC-5.1.VI.C The rapid urbanization that accompanied global capitalism at times led to a variety of challenges, including pollution, poverty, increased crime, public health crises, housing shortages, and insufficient infrastructure to accommodate urban growth.

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    新的社会阶级(social classes)形成,包括中产阶级(middle class)与工业工人阶级(industrial working class),各有其文化与政治。

    其他变化也在考查范围内:伴随拥挤与疾病的迅速城市化(urbanisation);随着生产离开家庭而发生的家庭结构(family structure)与女性劳动的变化;以及从长期看有所提高的生活水平(standards of living)——分布并不均衡,且要在数十年的艰难之后才得以实现。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    social classes 社会阶级 shè huì jiē jí
    middle class 中产阶级 zhōng chǎn jiē jí
    industrial working class 工业工人阶级 gōng yè gōng rén jiē jí
    urbanisation 城市化 chéng shì huà
    family structure 家庭结构 jiā tíng jié gòu
    standards of living 生活水平 shēng huó shuǐ píng
    5.10

    工业时代的延续与变化
    大纲

    5.10 Continuity and Change in the Industrial Age

    Learning ObjectiveReview: Unit 5 Key Concepts

    Unit 5.K
    Explain the extent to which industrialization brought change from 1750 to 1900.

    • KC-5.1 The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods.
      • KC-5.1.IV Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph made exploration, development, and communication possible in interior regions globally, which led to increased trade and migration.
    • KC-5.3 The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world.
      • KC-5.3.I.A Enlightenment philosophies applied new ways of understanding and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationships; they also reexamined the role that religion played in public life and emphasized the importance of reason. Philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract.
      • KC-5.3.I The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded revolutions and rebellions against existing governments.
      • KC-5.3.II.i Nationalism also became a major force shaping the historical development of states and empires

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    本单元考查的推理能力是延续与变化。生产方式与阶级结构发生了根本改变,而帝国竞争、殖民地区的强制劳动与不平等则以新的形式延续。

    **Worked example(一道真实的 AP 考题)。*本单元的 AP 世界历史简答题会要求,例如「解释 1750 至 1900 年间工业化改变社会结构的一种方式」。满分答案会点出变化并追溯其过程:「工业化造就了庞大的工业工人阶级,因为工厂制度把生产集中到单一场所,把农村劳动力吸引到城市从事雇佣劳动,取代了家庭生产以及依附于它的农村社会秩序。」*注意其结构:explain 要求给出机制——工厂制度、城市迁移、雇佣劳动——而不只是说出现了新阶级。

    5.10

    考试技巧
    • 回答"为什么最先在英国"要同时给出多项因素——煤炭、资本、农业、帝国——而不是单一原因。
    • 工厂制度是一项组织变革;要写出它取代了什么。
    • 谈革命时,要把观念与不满配对。任何一方单独出现都解释不了什么。
    • 国家推动的工业化(明治日本、俄国、埃及)是与英国模式形成对照的例证。
    • 把各种反应作为一组给出:工会、社会主义与共产主义,以及改革立法。
    • 生活水平是最终提高且不均衡的。写出这一点,才能使答案成为评价。
  • 6

    工业化的后果
    单独打开本主题页面
    讲义 词汇表
    6.1

    1750年至1900年帝国主义的理据
    大纲

    6.1 Rationales for Imperialism from1750 to 1900

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    CDI
    Cultural Developments and Interactions — The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.

    Unit 6.A
    Explain how ideologies contributed to the development of imperialism from 1750 to 1900.

    • KC-5.2.III A range of cultural, religious, and racial ideologies were used to justify imperialism, including Social Darwinism, nationalism, the concept of the civilizing mission, and the desire to religiously convert indigenous populations.

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    第六单元讲述 1750 至 1900 年工业化的后果:工业国家为何扩张、人们如何抵抗、世界经济如何重组,以及谁在迁移。

    各种文化、宗教与种族意识形态(cultural, religious, and racial ideologies)被用来为帝国主义辩护。考试范围内的包括文明教化使命(civilising mission)、传教活动、被用于国家与族群的社会达尔文主义(Social Darwinism),以及民族主义——即认为殖民地证明了一个国家的伟大。

    这些是辩护理由,而不是原因。把它们指认为意识形态,并与下文的经济与战略动机区分开,正是有力答案的做法。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    cultural, religious, and racial ideologies 文化、宗教与种族意识形态 wén huà 、 zōng jiào yǔ zhǒng zú yì shí xíng tài
    civilising mission 文明教化使命 wén míng jiào huà shǐ mìng
    Social Darwinism 社会达尔文主义 shè huì dá ěr wén zhǔ yì
    6.2

    1750年至1900年的国家扩张
    大纲

    6.2 State Expansion from 1750 to 1900

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    GOV
    Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

    Unit 6.B
    Compare processes by which state power shifted in various parts of the world from 1750 to 1900.

    • KC-5.2.I.A Some states with existing colonies strengthened their control over those colonies and in some cases assumed direct control over colonies previously held by non-state entities.
    • KC-5.2.I.B European states as well as the United States and Japan acquired territories throughout Asia and the Pacific, while Spanish and Portuguese influence declined.
    • KC-5.2.I.C Many European states used both warfare and diplomacy to expand their empires in Africa.
    • KC-5.2.I.D Europeans established settler colonies in some parts of their empires.
    • KC-5.2.II.B The United States, Russia, and Japan expanded their land holdings by conquering and settling neighboring territories.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Non-state to state colonial control:
      • Shift from the private ownership of the Congo by King Leopold II to the Belgium government
      • Shift from the Dutch East India Company to Dutch government control in Indonesia and Southeast Asia
    • European states that expanded empires in Africa:
      • Britain in West Africa
      • Belgium in the Congo
      • French in West Africa
    • Settler colonies established in empires:
      • New Zealand

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    扩张有多种形式,CED 对它们作了区分:

    • 一些国家加强对既有殖民地的控制,把贸易关系转变为直接统治。
    • 欧洲国家、美国与日本都取得了新领土,可见帝国主义并非欧洲独有。
    • 许多欧洲国家同时使用战争与外交(warfare and diplomacy)来扩张——既有征服,也有条约、保护国与在欧洲达成的瓜分协议。
    • 欧洲人在某些地方建立定居殖民地(settler colonies),对原住民人口的排挤远比行政统治彻底。
    • 美国、俄国与日本通过夺取毗连陆地而非海外领地来扩张。
    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    warfare and diplomacy 战争与外交 zhàn zhēng yǔ wài jiāo
    settler colonies 定居殖民地 dìng jū zhí mín dì
    6.3

    1750年至1900年原住民对国家扩张的回应
    大纲

    6.3 Indigenous Responses to State Expansion from 1750 to 1900

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    GOV
    Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

    Unit 6.C
    Explain how and why internal and external factors have influenced the process of state building from 1750 to 1900.

    • KC-5.3.III.D Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism contributed to anticolonial movements.
    • KC-5.2.II.C Anti-imperial resistance took various forms, including direct resistance within empires and the creation of new states on the peripheries.
    • KC-5.3.III.E Increasing discontent with imperial rule led to rebellions, some of which were influenced by religious ideas.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Direct resistance:
      • Túpac Amaru II’s rebellion in Peru
      • Samory Touré’s military battles in West Africa
      • Yaa Asantewaa War in West Africa
      • 1857 rebellion in India
    • New states:
      • Establishment of independent states in the Balkans
      • Sokoto Caliphate in modern-day Nigeria
      • Cherokee Nation
      • Zulu Kingdom
    • Rebellions:
      • Ghost Dance in the U.S.
      • Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement in Southern Africa
      • Mahdist wars in Sudan

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    反帝抵抗(resistance)有多种形式,只写武装反抗会失分:

    • 直接抵抗(direct resistance)——对殖民当局的武装反抗。
    • 领导者组织力量对抗帝国势力,建立新国家(creation of new states)。
    • 在殖民统治下重申本地认同的宗教与文化运动(religious and cultural movements)。

    对政治权威日益增多的质疑,以及被殖民地区不断增长的民族主义,引发了各种起义,其中一些持续之久足以改变帝国政策。要点在于:抵抗贯穿整个时期,而不是后期才出现的反应。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    resistance 抵抗 dǐ kàng
    Direct resistance 直接抵抗 zhí jiē dǐ kàng
    Creation of new states 建立新国家 jiàn lì xīn guó jiā
    Religious and cultural movements 宗教与文化运动 zōng jiào yǔ wén huà yùn dòng
    6.4 6.5

    1750年至1900年的全球经济发展
    大纲

    6.4 Global Economic Development from1750 to 1900

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    ENV
    Humans and the Environments — The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations in turn shape their environments.

    Unit 6.D
    Explain how various environmental factors contributed to the development of the global economy from 1750 to 1900.

    • KC-5.1.II.A The need for raw materials for factories and increased food supplies for the growing population in urban centers led to the growth of export economies around the world that specialized in commercial extraction of natural resources and the production of food and industrial crops. The profits from these raw materials were used to purchase finished goods.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Resource export economies:
      • Cotton production in Egypt
      • Rubber extraction in the Amazon and the Congo basin
      • The palm oil trade in West Africa
      • The guano industries in Peru and Chile
      • Meat from Argentina and Uruguay
      • Diamonds from Africa

    6.5 Economic Imperialism from 1750 to 1900

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    ECN
    Economics Systems — As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.

    Unit 6.E
    Explain how various economic factors contributed to the development of the global economy from 1750 to 1900.

    • KC-5.2.I.E Industrialized states and businesses within those states practiced economic imperialism primarily in Asia and Latin America.
    • KC-5.1.II.C Trade in some commodities was organized in a way that gave merchants and companies based in Europe and the U.S. a distinct economic advantage.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Industrialized states practicing economic imperialism:
      • Britain and France expanding their influence in China through the Opium Wars
      • The construction of the Port of Buenos Aires with the support of British firms
    • Commodities that contributed to European and American economic advantage:
      • Opium produced in the Middle East or South Asia and exported to China
      • Cotton grown in South Asia and Egypt and exported to Great Britain and other European countries
      • Palm oil produced in sub-Saharan Africa and exported to European countries
      • Copper extracted in Chile

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    工业国家需要原材料与市场;殖民地被重组以供应它们
    经济帝国主义并不总是需要政治控制——这正是必须把两者区分开的原因

    工厂对原材料(raw materials)的需求,以及不断增长的城市人口对粮食供应(food supplies)的需求,重组了全世界的生产。殖民地与依附地区被推向经济作物(cash crops)与采掘业(extractive industries),往往以牺牲本地口粮生产为代价。

    经济帝国主义(economic imperialism)是考点所在的区分。工业化国家及其企业通过投资、贷款与贸易支配(investment, loans, and trade dominance)施加控制,而不一定取得政治控制——因此一个地区可以在保持形式独立的同时被经济支配。

    某些大宗商品的贸易被组织成这样一种方式:工业化国家的商人与公司对生产者拥有不成比例的权力(disproportionate power),得以决定价格与条件。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    raw materials 原材料 yuán cái liào
    food supplies 粮食供应 liáng shí gōng yìng
    cash crops 经济作物 jīng jì zuò wù
    extractive industries 采掘业 cǎi jué yè
    Economic imperialism 经济帝国主义 jīng jì dì guó zhǔ yì
    investment, loans, and trade dominance 投资、贷款与贸易支配 tóu zī 、 dài kuǎn yǔ mào yì zhī pèi
    disproportionate power 不成比例的权力 bù chéng bǐ lì de quán lì
    6.6

    互联世界中人口迁移的原因
    大纲

    6.6 Causes of Migration in an Interconnected World

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    ECN
    Economics Systems — As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.

    Unit 6.F
    Explain how various environmental factors contributed to the development of varied patterns of migration from 1750 to 1900.

    • KC-5.4.I Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demographics in both industrialized and unindustrialized societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living.
    • KC-5.4.I.B Because of the nature of new modes of transportation, both internal and external migrants increasingly relocated to cities. This pattern contributed to the significant global urbanization of the 19th century. The new methods of transportation also allowed for many migrants to return, periodically or permanently, to their home societies.

    Unit 6.G
    Explain how various economic factors contributed to the development of varied patterns of migration from 1750 to 1900.

    • KC-5.4.II.A Many individuals chose freely to relocate, often in search of work.
    • KC-5.4.II.B The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semicoerced labor migration, including enslavement Chinese and Indian indentured servitude, and convict labor.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Return of migrants:
      • Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific
      • Lebanese merchants in the Americas
      • Italian industrial workers in Argentina
    • (CONT’D) Migrants:
      • Irish to the United States
      • British engineers and geologists to South Asia and Africa

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    这一时期的迁移受输出与输入社会人口变化的影响,也受新的交通方式(modes of transportation)——蒸汽船与铁路——影响,后者首次使长距离且常常是临时或季节性(temporary or seasonal)的流动成为可能。

    必须区分两类:

    • 许多人自愿迁移,通常是为了寻找工作。
    • 全球资本主义经济在奴隶贸易法律上终结之后,仍继续依赖强制与半强制劳动(coerced and semi-coerced labour),包括契约劳工(indentured servitude)与囚犯劳动。
    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    modes of transportation 交通方式 jiāo tōng fāng shì
    temporary or seasonal 临时或季节性 lín shí huò jì jié xìng
    coerced and semi-coerced labour 强制与半强制劳动 qiáng zhì yǔ bàn qiáng zhì láo dòng
    indentured servitude 契约劳工 qì yuē láo gōng
    6.7

    人口迁移的影响
    大纲

    6.7 Effects of Migration

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    SIO
    Social Interactions and Organization — The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization.

    Unit 6.H
    Explain how and why new patterns of migration affected society from 1750 to 1900.

    • KC-5.4.III.A Migrants tended to be male, leaving women to take on new roles in the home society that had been formerly occupied by men.
    • KC-5.4.III.B Migrants often created ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world that helped transplant their culture into new environments.
    • KC-5.4.III.C Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants, as seen in the various degrees of ethnic and racial prejudice and the ways states attempted to regulate the increased flow of people across their borders.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Migrant ethnic enclaves:
      • Chinese in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, South America, and North America
      • Indians in East and Southern Africa, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia
      • Irish in North America
      • Italians in North and South America
    • Regulation of immigrants:
      • Chinese Exclusion Act
      • White Australia policy

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    CED 直接点名了三项影响:

    • 迁移者多为男性,使女性在其离开的社会中承担新角色(women to take on new roles)。
    • 迁移者在目的地社会形成族裔聚居区(ethnic enclaves),移植并调适自身文化。
    • 接收社会并不总是接纳移民,考试范围内的证据是法律排斥——最明显的是若干国家对华人及其他亚洲移民的限制。
    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    women to take on new roles 女性承担新角色 nǚ xìng chéng dān xīn jué sè
    ethnic enclaves 族裔聚居区 zú yì jù jū qū
    6.8

    帝国时代的因果关系
    大纲

    6.8 Causation in the Imperial Age

    Learning ObjectiveReview: Unit 6 Key Concepts

    Unit 6.I
    Explain the relative significance of the effects of imperialism from 1750 to 1900.

    • KC-5.1 The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods.
    • KC-5.2 As states industrialized, they also expanded existing overseas empires and established new colonies and transoceanic relationships.
    • KC-5.3 The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world.
    • KC-5.4 As a result of the emergence of transoceanic empires and a global capitalist economy, migration patterns changed dramatically, and the numbers of migrants increased significantly.

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    本单元考查的推理能力是因果关系。最有力的链条是:工业生产造成对原材料与市场的需求,从而推动扩张;扩张需要辩护,意识形态提供了它;而两者又共同引发抵抗与大规模迁移。

    Worked example(一道真实的 AP 考题)。本单元的 AP 世界历史简答题会要求,例如「解释 1750 至 1900 年间工业化促成帝国主义的一种方式」。满分答案会追溯其机制:「工业工厂需要棉花、橡胶等欧洲无法生产的原材料,于是工业国家对能够供应这些原料的地区取得政治或经济控制,并把那些经济体重组为以出口作物为中心。」*注意其结构:得分点在于那个联系*,而不是断言工业化与帝国主义有关。

    6.8

    考试技巧
    • 把辩护理由(文明教化使命、社会达尔文主义)与原因(原材料、市场、战略)区分开。题目常常只问其中一方,并奖励不把两者混淆。
    • 经济帝国主义无需政治控制即可运作;仅这一区分本身就能回答许多题目。
    • 给出三类抵抗——直接抵抗、建立新国家、宗教与文化运动。
    • 迁移类题目要求区分自愿与强制或半强制的流动。
    • 谈影响时,用 CED 自己的三项:男性迁移改变输出社会、族裔聚居区,以及排斥性法律。
    • 因果类答案必须追溯机制。断言存在联系不等于解释这一联系。
  • 7

    全球冲突
    单独打开本主题页面
    讲义 词汇表
    7.1

    1900年后权力格局的转变
    大纲

    7.1 Shifting Power After 1900

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    GOV
    Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

    Unit 7.A
    Explain how internal and external factors contributed to change in various states after 1900.

    • KC-6.2.I The West dominated the global political order at the beginning of the 20th century, but both land-based and maritime empires gave way to new states by the century’s end.
    • KC-6.2.I.A The older, land-based Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires collapsed due to a combination of internal and external factors. These changes in Russia eventually led to communist revolution.
    • KC-6.2.II.D States around the world challenged the existing political and social order, including the Mexican Revolution that arose as a result of political crisis.

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    第七单元讲述 1900 年以来的全球冲突,其核心问题不是"两次大战发生了什么",而是1900 年时存在的政治秩序为何瓦解、又被什么取代。

    二十世纪初,西方主导着全球政治秩序。在此后数十年间,陆基帝国与海上帝国都让位于新的国家形态,CED 把其机制表述为内外因素(internal and external factors)的共同作用。

    • 更为古老的陆基帝国——奥斯曼、俄国与清朝——在这种内外交加的作用下瓦解:内部压力与外部压力同时存在。
    • 世界各地都有力量挑战既有政治与社会秩序,CED 点名的例证是因政治与经济不平等而爆发的墨西哥革命(Mexican Revolution)。

    这里可考的习惯是"配对"。只写内部衰弱或只写外部压力的答案,只解释了一半。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    internal and external factors 内外因素 nèi wài yīn sù
    Mexican Revolution 墨西哥革命 mò xī gē gé mìng
    7.2

    第一次世界大战的起因
    大纲

    7.2 Causes of World War I

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    GOV
    Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

    Unit 7.B
    Explain the causes and consequences of World War I.

    • KC-6.2.IV.B.i The causes of World War I included imperialist expansion and competition for resources. In addition, territorial and regional conflicts combined with a flawed alliance system and intense nationalism to escalate the tensions into global conflict.

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    CED 把一战的起因压缩为一句话,而其中每个要素都值得分数:

    • 帝国主义扩张(imperialist expansion)与资源竞争(competition for resources)。
    • 领土与地区冲突(territorial and regional conflicts)。
    • 把局部冲突转化为全面冲突的结盟体系缺陷(flawed alliance system)。
    • 极端民族主义(intense nationalism)。

    注意这一论断的结构:前三项提供了紧张关系,而结盟体系提供了升级(escalation)。这一区分——什么使冲突变得可能,与什么使冲突变成全球性的——是本节最有用的一点。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    Imperialist expansion 帝国主义扩张 dì guó zhǔ yì kuò zhāng
    competition for resources 资源竞争 zī yuán jìng zhēng
    Territorial and regional conflicts 领土与地区冲突 lǐng tǔ yǔ dì qū chōng tū
    flawed alliance system 结盟体系 jié méng tǐ xì
    Intense nationalism 极端民族主义 jí duān mín zú zhǔ yì
    escalation 升级 shēng jí
    7.3

    第一次世界大战的进行
    大纲

    7.3 Conducting World War I

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    TEC
    Technology and Innovation — Human adaptation and innovation have resulted in increased efficiency, comfort, and security, and technological advances have shaped human development and interactions with both intended and unintended consequences.

    Unit 7.C
    Explain how governments used a variety of methods to conduct war.

    • KC-6.2.IV.A.i World War I was the first total war. Governments used a variety of strategies, including political propaganda, art, media, and intensified forms of nationalism, to mobilize populations (both in the home countries and the colonies) for the purpose of waging war.
    • KC-6.1.III.C.i New military technology led to increased levels of wartime casualties.

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    总体战:一旦战争不再只是军队的事,国家必须控制什么
    同样的四种手段在两次大战中都出现,这正是比较题得以作答的原因

    一战是第一场总体战(first total war)。CED 列出的政府手段并不只是军事性的:

    • 用于维持公众支持的政治宣传(political propaganda)、艺术与媒体。
    • 强化的民族主义(intensified forms of nationalism)。
    • 对经济与人口(economies and populations)的动员——征兵、军工生产与劳动力调配。
    • 征召并使用殖民地臣民(colonial subjects)充当士兵与劳工。

    与此同时,新式军事技术导致战时伤亡(casualties)大幅上升。技术这一点与动员那一点是两个独立的得分点,两者都要写。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    first total war 总体战 zǒng tǐ zhàn
    Political propaganda 政治宣传 zhèng zhì xuān chuán
    Intensified forms of nationalism 强化的民族主义 qiáng huà de mín zú zhǔ yì
    economies and populations 经济与人口动员 jīng jì yǔ rén kǒu dòng yuán
    colonial subjects 殖民地臣民 zhí mín dì chén mín
    new military technology led to increased levels of wartime casualties 伤亡 shāng wáng
    7.4

    两次大战之间的经济
    大纲

    7.4 Economy in the Interwar Period

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    ECN
    Economics Systems — As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.

    Unit 7.D
    Explain how different governments responded to economic crisis after 1900.

    • KC-6.3.I.B Following World War I and the onset of the Great Depression, governments began to take a more active role in economic life.
    • KC-6.3.I.A.i In the Soviet Union, the government controlled the national economy through the Five Year Plans, often implementing repressive policies, with negative repercussions for the population.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Government intervention in the economy:
      • The New Deal
      • The fascist corporatist economy
      • Governments with strong popular support in Brazil and Mexico

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    一战结束与大萧条(Great Depression)来临之后,各国政府开始在经济生活中扮演更积极的角色(more active role)。这是总的论断;CED 随后给出了这一角色可以走多远的对照案例。

    在苏联(Soviet Union),政府通过五年计划(Five Year Plans)控制国民经济,推行压制性政策并付出重大的人口代价(cost to the population),同时实现了快速工业化。

    使各案例得以比较的总体模式是:经济危机在各地都扩大了国家对经济的支配,但程度(extent)差异极大——从一端的监管与公共工程,到另一端的全面国家控制。有关战间期经济的题目几乎总是奖励这一光谱式的把握。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    Great Depression 大萧条 dà xiāo tiáo
    a more active role in economic life 更积极的经济角色 gèng jī jí de jīng jì jué sè
    Soviet Union 苏联 sū lián
    Five Year Plans 五年计划 wǔ nián jì huà
    cost to the population 人口代价 rén kǒu dài jià
    extent 程度 chéng dù
    7.5

    第一次世界大战后悬而未决的紧张关系
    大纲

    7.5 Unresolved Tensions After World War I

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    GOV
    Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

    Unit 7.E
    Explain the continuities and changes in territorial holdings from 1900 to the present.

    • KC-6.2.I.B Between the two world wars, Western and Japanese imperial states predominantly maintained control over colonial holdings; in some cases, they gained additional territories through conquest or treaty settlement and in other cases faced anti-imperial resistance.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Territorial gains:
      • Transfer of former German colonies to Great Britain and France under the system of League of Nations mandates
      • Manchukuo/Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
    • Anti-imperial resistance:
      • Indian National Congress
      • West African resistance (strikes/congresses) to French rule

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    在两次大战之间,西方与日本的帝国基本维持了对殖民地的控制,某些情况下还获得了新领土。和约所激起的民族自决(self-determination)期望,对被殖民民族而言在很大程度上并未实现。

    这是承上启下的一节:和约遗留的紧张关系直接通向下一场战争的起因,以及第八单元的反帝运动。点明这一联系,正是延续性答案得以有力的原因。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    self-determination 民族自决 mín zú zì jué
    7.6

    第二次世界大战的起因
    大纲

    7.6 Causes of World War II

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    GOV
    Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

    Unit 7.F
    Explain the causes and consequences of World War II.

    • KC-6.2.IV.B.ii The causes of World War II included the unsustainable peace settlement after World War I, the global economic crisis engendered by the Great Depression, continued imperialist aspirations, and especially the rise to power of fascist and totalitarian regimes that resulted in the aggressive militarism of Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler.

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    CED 同样给出了复合的起因,每一项都在考查范围内:

    • 一战之后无法持续的和约(unsustainable peace settlement)。
    • 大萧条造成的全球经济危机(global economic crisis)。
    • 持续的帝国主义行径(continued imperialist practices)。
    • 法西斯主义与极端民族主义(fascism and extreme nationalism)的兴起。

    把这份清单与一战的对照,会显出一个真实的模式:经济压力与民族主义为两者共有,而 1939 年特有的新增项是失败的和约与新出现的意识形态政权。比较题要的正是这一结构——先点出共有起因,再点出差异。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    unsustainable peace settlement 和约 hé yuē
    global economic crisis 全球经济危机 quán qiú jīng jì wēi jī
    Continued imperialist practices 帝国主义行径 dì guó zhǔ yì xíng jìng
    rise of fascism and extreme nationalism 法西斯主义与极端民族主义 fǎ xī sī zhǔ yì yǔ jí duān mín zú zhǔ yì
    7.7

    第二次世界大战的进行
    大纲

    7.7 Conducting World War II

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    GOV
    Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

    Unit 7.G
    Explain similarities and differences in how governments used a variety of methods to conduct war.

    • KC-6.2.IV.A.ii World War II was a total war. Governments used a variety of strategies, including political propaganda, art, media, and intensified forms of nationalism, to mobilize populations (both in the home countries and the colonies or former colonies) for the purpose of waging war. Governments used ideologies, including fascism and communism to mobilize all of their state’s resources for war and, in the case of totalitarian states, to repress basic freedoms and dominate many aspects of daily life during the course of the conflicts and beyond.
    • KC-6.1.III.C.ii New military technology and new tactics, including the atomic bomb, fire-bombing, and the waging of “total war” led to increased levels of wartime casualties.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Western democracies mobilizing for war:
      • Great Britain under Winston Churchill
      • United States under Franklin Roosevelt
    • Totalitarian states mobilizing for war:
      • Germany under Adolf Hitler
      • USSR under Joseph Stalin

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    二战同样是总体战,各国政府使用的手段大类相同:宣传、艺术与媒体、强化的民族主义,以及对经济与人口(包括殖民地臣民)的动员。

    改变的是技术及其规模。新式军事技术与新战术——包括原子弹(atomic bomb)、燃烧弹轰炸与总体战的实施——导致伤亡上升,其中平民(civilian)死亡所占比例远高于前一次冲突。

    因此可考的比较是:手段大体相同,规模与技术不同。只写"两者都是总体战"并没有作比较;只写"第二次更具毁灭性"则没有解释原因。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    atomic bomb 原子弹 yuán zǐ dàn
    civilian 平民 píng mín
    causes and consequences of mass atrocities 大规模暴行 dà guī mó bào xíng
    7.8

    1900年后的大规模暴行
    大纲

    7.8 Mass Atrocities After 1900

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    SIO
    Social Interactions and Organization — The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization.

    Unit 7.H
    Explain the various causes and consequences of mass atrocities in the period from 1900 to the present.

    • KC-6.2.III.C The rise of extremist groups in power led to the attempted destruction of specific populations, notably the Nazi killing of the Jews in the Holocaust during World War II, and to other atrocities, acts of genocide, or ethnic violence.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Genocide, ethnic violence, or attempted destruction of specific populations:
      • Armenians in the Ottoman Empire during and after World War I
      • Cambodia during the late 1970s
      • Tutsi in Rwanda in the 1990s
      • Ukraine in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    本节要求给出 1900 年至今大规模暴行(mass atrocities)的起因与后果。CED 的表述是:掌权的极端主义团体(extremist groups in power)的兴起导致了对特定人群的灭绝企图,并点名犹太人大屠杀(Holocaust)——纳粹对犹太人的杀戮——为主要案例,以及二十世纪其他种族灭绝与大规模屠杀。

    作为历史来处理,可考的内容是其模式:一个极端主义政权取得国家权力,把某一人群界定在政治共同体之外,再动用现代国家的机器——官僚体系、交通、通信——以早先政权无法企及的规模实施毁灭。最后这一点把本节与贯穿整个单元的技术主题连接了起来。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    extremist groups in power 极端主义团体 jí duān zhǔ yì tuán tǐ
    Holocaust 犹太人大屠杀 yóu tài rén dà tú shā
    7.9

    全球冲突中的因果关系
    大纲

    7.9 Causation in Global Conflict

    Learning ObjectiveReview: Unit 7 Key Concepts

    Unit 7.I
    Explain the relative significance of the causes of global conflict in the period 1900 to the present.

    • KC-6.1 Rapid advances in science and technology altered the understanding of the universe and the natural world and led to advances in communication, transportation, industry, agriculture, and medicine.
    • KC-6.2 Peoples and states around the world challenged the existing political and social order in varying ways, leading to unprecedented worldwide conflicts.
      • KC-6.2.I The West dominated the global political order at the beginning of the 20th century, but both land-based and maritime empires gave way to new states by the century’s end.
      • KC-6.2.I.A The older, land-based Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires collapsed due to a combination of internal and external factors. These changes in Russia eventually led to communist revolution.
      • KC-6.2.II.D States around the world challenged the existing political and social order, including the Mexican Revolution that arose as a result of political crisis.

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    本单元考查的推理能力是因果关系,而且特指各项起因的相对重要性(relative significance)。"相对"二字就是全部任务所在:你要做的不是罗列起因,而是为它们排序并为这一排序辩护。

    Worked example(一道真实的 AP 考题)。本单元的 AP 世界历史简答题会要求,例如「解释各国政府在一战与二战中作战方式的一项相似之处」。满分答案会点出相似之处并用两场战争的具体证据支撑:「两场战争都是总体战,政府动员了整个经济与全部人口。在两场战争中,国家都使用宣传与媒体维持公众支持,把工业生产导向军需,并从殖民地征召士兵与劳工。」*注意其要求:相似性的论断必须两边都有证据*。只有一场战争的证据无法证明相似。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    relative significance 相对重要性 xiāng duì zhòng yào xìng
    7.9

    考试技巧
    • 谈奥斯曼、俄国与清朝帝国的瓦解,始终要把内部压力与外部压力配对。任何一方单独出现都只是半个答案。
    • 把使一战变得可能的因素(帝国竞争、民族主义、地区冲突)与使其变成全球性的因素(结盟体系)区分开。
    • 总体战有一份清单:宣传、民族主义、经济动员、殖民地征召。对两场战争都用这份清单,比较自然成形。
    • 战间期经济是国家介入的光谱,而不是单一政策。要写出一个国家走了多远,而不只是写它进行了干预。
    • 比较题需要两边的证据。只涉及一个案例的细节无法支撑相似或差异的论断。
    • "相对重要性"意味着排序并论证。罗列起因却不就何者最重要作出论证,并没有回答所问的问题。
  • 8

    冷战与非殖民化
    单独打开本主题页面
    讲义 词汇表
    8.1

    冷战与非殖民化的背景铺垫
    大纲

    8.1 Setting the Stage for the Cold War and Decolonization

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    GOV
    Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

    Unit 8.A
    Explain the historical context of the Cold War after 1945.

    • KC-6.2.II Hopes for greater self-government were largely unfulfilled following World War I; however, in the years following World War II, increasing anti-imperialist sentiment contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states.
    • KC-6.2.IV.C.i Technological and economic gains experienced during World War II by the victorious nations shifted the global balance of power.

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    第八单元讲述 1945 年以后的时期,其中有两个进程同时展开:一场全球意识形态对立,以及帝国的终结。本单元多数题目都取决于这两者如何相互作用。

    一战之后,自治的期望在很大程度上并未实现。二战之后的岁月里,被殖民地区的反帝情绪(anti-imperialist sentiment)日益高涨并积聚力量,而这一次它带来的是独立,而不是承诺。

    与此同时,战胜国在二战期间取得的技术与经济收益(technological and economic gains)改变了全球权力平衡(global balance of power)。这正是 CED 所要求的历史情境:战争不只是破坏,它还重新分配了国家能力。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    increasing anti-imperialist sentiment 反帝情绪 fǎn dì qíng xù
    technological and economic gains 技术与经济收益 jì shù yǔ jīng jì shōu yì
    shifted the global balance of power 全球权力平衡 quán qiú quán lì píng héng
    rapidly evolved into the Cold War 冷战 lěng zhàn
    8.2

    冷战
    大纲

    8.2 The Cold War

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    CDI
    Cultural Developments and Interactions — The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.

    Unit 8.B
    Explain the causes and effects of the ideological struggle of the Cold War.

    • KC-6.2.IV.C.ii The global balance of economic and political power shifted during and after World War II and rapidly evolved into the Cold War. The democracy of the United States and the authoritarian communist Soviet Union emerged as superpowers, which led to ideological conflict and a power struggle between capitalism and communism across the globe.
    • KC-6.2.V.B Groups and individuals, including the Non-Aligned Movement, opposed and promoted alternatives to the existing economic, political, and social orders.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Non-Aligned Movement:
      • Sukarno in Indonesia
      • Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    改变了的权力平衡迅速演变为冷战(Cold War)——以美国为首的民主国家与以苏联为首的共产主义国家之间的对立,其展开形式是意识形态斗争(ideological struggle),而非两大主角之间的直接战争。

    CED 强调,这并不是一个只有两个选项的世界。各种团体与个人——包括不结盟运动(Non-Aligned Movement)——反对既有的经济、政治与社会秩序并提出了替代方案。把不结盟国家排除在答案之外,描绘的是一个并不存在的双极世界。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    ideological struggle 意识形态斗争 yì shí xíng tài dòu zhēng
    Non-Aligned Movement 不结盟运动 bù jié méng yùn dòng
    8.3

    冷战的影响
    大纲

    8.3 Effects of the Cold War

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    GOV
    Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

    Unit 8.C
    Compare the ways in which the United States and the Soviet Union sought to maintain influence over the course of the Cold War.

    • KC-6.2.IV.D The Cold War produced new military alliances, including NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and led to nuclear proliferation and proxy wars between and within postcolonial states in Latin America, Africa, and Asia.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Proxy wars:
      • Korean War
      • Angolan Civil War
      • Sandinista-Contras conflict in Nicaragua

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    这一对立产生了具体的制度与冲突:

    • 新的军事同盟(new military alliances)——北约(NATO)与华沙条约组织(Warsaw Pact)。
    • 核扩散(nuclear proliferation)——核武器向更多国家扩散。
    • 国家之间与国家内部的代理人战争(proxy wars):两大阵营在别处的冲突中支持对立各方,而不彼此直接交战。

    本节所设定的比较是:两个超级大国各自如何维持对其他国家的影响力——通过同盟、援助、军事支持与干预。两者四种手段都用过,这正是比较题在两个方向上都可作答的原因。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    New military alliances 军事同盟 jūn shì tóng méng
    NATO 北约 běi yuē
    Warsaw Pact 华沙条约组织 huá shā tiáo yuē zǔ zhī
    Nuclear proliferation 核扩散 hé kuò sàn
    Proxy wars 代理人战争 dài lǐ rén zhàn zhēng
    8.4

    1900年后共产主义的传播
    大纲

    8.4 Spread of Communism After 1900

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    ECN
    Economics Systems — As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.

    Unit 8.D
    Explain the causes and consequences of China’s adoption of communism. THEMATIC FOCUS Social Interactions and Organization SIO The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

    • KC-6.2.I.i As a result of internal tension and Japanese aggression, Chinese communists seized power. These changes in China eventually led to communist revolution.
    • KC-6.3.I.A.ii In communist China, the government controlled the national economy through the Great Leap Forward, often implementing repressive policies, with negative repercussions for the population. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

    Unit 8.E
    Explain the causes and effects of movements to redistribute economic resources.

    • KC-6.2.II.D.i Movements to redistribute land and resources developed within states in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, sometimes advocating communism or socialism.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Land and resource redistribution:
      • Communist Revolution for Vietnamese independence
      • Mengistu Haile Mariam in Ethiopia
      • Land reform in Kerala and other states within India
      • White Revolution in Iran

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    这里有两条可考的线索。第一条是中国:由于内部矛盾(internal tension)与日本侵略(Japanese aggression),中国共产党人夺取了政权,CED 指出这最终也促成了其他地方的共产主义革命。

    第二条是国家对经济的控制。如同第七单元中苏联的五年计划,中国政府通过大跃进(Great Leap Forward)控制国民经济,推行压制性政策并造成重大的人口代价。CED 把两者作为一组对照案例呈现,而比较题正会以这种方式来问。

    除此之外,非洲、亚洲与拉丁美洲各国内部还兴起了土地与资源再分配(redistribute land and resources)的运动,其中一些主张共产主义或社会主义,另一些则不然。这一区分很重要:土地改革与革命并非同一主张,CED 把两者分开处理。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    internal tension 内部矛盾 nèi bù máo dùn
    Japanese aggression 日本侵略 rì běn qīn lüè
    Great Leap Forward 大跃进 dà yuè jìn
    movements to redistribute land and resources 土地与资源再分配 tǔ dì yǔ zī yuán zài fēn pèi
    8.5

    1900年后的非殖民化
    大纲

    8.5 Decolonization After 1900

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    GOV
    Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

    Unit 8.F
    Compare the processes by which various peoples pursued independence after 1900.

    • KC-6.2.II.A Nationalist leaders and parties in Asia and Africa sought varying degrees of autonomy within or independence from imperial rule.
    • KC-6.2.I.C After the end of World War II, some colonies negotiated their independence, while others achieved independence through armed struggle.
    • KC-6.2.II.B Regional, religious, and ethnic movements challenged colonial rule and inherited imperial boundaries. Some of these movements advocated for autonomy.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Nationalist leaders and parties:
      • Indian National Congress
      • Ho Chi Minh in French Indochina (Vietnam)
      • Kwame Nkrumah in British Gold Coast (Ghana)
      • Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt
    • Negotiated independence:
      • India from the British Empire
      • The Gold Coast from the British Empire
      • French West Africa
    • Independence through armed struggle:
      • Algeria from the French empire
      • Angola from the Portuguese empire
      • Vietnam from the French empire
    • Regional, religious, and ethnic movements:
      • Muslim League in British India
      • Québécois separatist movement in Canada
      • Biafra secessionist movement in Nigeria

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    CED 自身的区分:一个殖民地如何走向独立,决定了新国家继承了什么
    两条路径都通向一个新国家——但通向的不是同一个新国家

    亚洲与非洲的民族主义领袖与政党(nationalist leaders and parties)寻求在帝国统治之内取得不同程度的自治,或寻求彻底独立。可考的例证包括印度国民大会党、法属印度支那的胡志明、黄金海岸的克瓦米·恩克鲁玛,以及埃及的贾迈勒·阿卜杜勒·纳赛尔。

    二战之后,一些殖民地通过谈判取得独立(negotiated their independence),另一些则通过武装斗争(armed struggle)实现独立。印度与黄金海岸是标准的谈判案例;安哥拉、越南与阿尔及利亚则是标准的武装案例。

    第三条线索容易被遗漏:地区性、宗教性与族群性运动既挑战殖民统治,也挑战帝国留下的沿袭的帝国边界(inherited imperial boundaries)。这些边界正是许多独立后冲突围绕国界而非围绕撤离国展开的原因。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    Nationalist leaders and parties 民族主义领袖与政党 mín zú zhǔ yì lǐng xiù yǔ zhèng dǎng
    some colonies negotiated their independence 通过谈判独立 tōng guò tán pàn dú lì
    others achieved it through armed struggle 通过武装斗争 tōng guò wǔ zhuāng dòu zhēng
    inherited imperial boundaries 沿袭的帝国边界 yán xí de dì guó biān jiè
    8.6

    新独立国家
    大纲

    8.6 Newly Independent States

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    ECN
    Economics Systems — As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.

    Unit 8.G
    Explain how political changes in the period from c. 1900 to the present led to territorial, demographic, and nationalist developments.

    • KC-6.2.III.A.i The redrawing of political boundaries after the withdrawal of former colonial authorities led to the creation of new states.
    • KC-6.2.III.A.ii The redrawing of political boundaries in some cases led to conflict as well as population displacement and/or resettlements, including those related to the Partition of India and the creation of the state of Israel.

    Unit 8.H
    Explain the economic changes and continuities resulting from the process of decolonization.

    • KC-6.3.I.C In newly independent states after World War II, governments often took on a strong role in guiding economic life to promote development.
    • KC-6.2.III.B The migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles (the former colonizing country), usually in the major cities, maintained cultural and economic ties between the colony and the metropole even after the dissolution of empires.

    Illustrative examples:

    • States created by redrawing of political boundaries:
      • Israel
      • Cambodia
      • Pakistan
    • (CONT’D) Governments guiding economic life:
      • Gamal Abdel Nasser’s promotion of economic development in Egypt
      • Indira Gandhi's economic policies in India
      • Julius Nyerere’s modernization in Tanzania
      • Sirimavo Bandaranaike’s economic policies in Sri Lanka
    • Migrations:
      • South Asians to Britain
      • Algerians to France
      • Filipinos to the United States

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    殖民当局撤出后政治边界的重新划定导致新国家的诞生,某些情况下还导致冲突、人口流离与重新安置(conflict, population displacement, and resettlement)。英属印度的分治是三者同时发生的标准案例。

    在经济上,新独立国家的政府往往主导经济生活以推动发展(guiding economic life to promote development)——这与第七单元战间期的模式构成延续,却是从完全不同的方向抵达的。

    人口还有一股反向流动:前殖民地臣民向宗主国(imperial metropoles)的迁移,通常流向大城市,使前殖民地与前宗主国之间的文化与经济联系在独立之后长期维系。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    conflict, population displacement, and resettlement 人口流离与重新安置 rén kǒu liú lí yǔ chóng xīn ān zhì
    often took a strong role in guiding economic life to promote development 主导经济以推动发展 zhǔ dǎo jīng jì yǐ tuī dòng fā zhǎn
    migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles 宗主国 zōng zhǔ guó
    8.7

    1900年后对既有权力结构的全球性抵抗
    大纲

    8.7 Global Resistance to Established Power Structures After 1900

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    CDI
    Cultural Developments and Interactions — The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.

    Unit 8.I
    Explain various reactions to existing power structures in the period after 1900.

    • KC-6.2.V Although conflict dominated much of the 20th century, many individuals and groups— including states—opposed this trend. Some individuals and groups, however, intensified the conflicts.
    • KC-6.2.V.A Groups and individuals challenged the many wars of the century, and some, such as Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and Nelson Mandela, promoted the practice of nonviolence as a way to bring about political change.
    • KC-6.2.V.C Militaries and militarized states often responded to the proliferation of conflicts in ways that further intensified conflict.
    • KC-6.2.V.D Some movements used violence against civilians in an effort to achieve political aims.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Responses that intensified conflict:
      • Chile under Augusto Pinochet
      • Spain under Francisco Franco
      • Uganda under Idi Amin
      • The buildup of the military–industrial complex and weapons trading
    • Movements that used violence:
      • Shining Path
      • Al-Qaeda

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    尽管冲突主导了二十世纪的大部分时间,仍有许多个人与团体——包括国家在内——反对这一趋势。CED 点名了三种不同的模式,不应混为一谈:

    • 各种团体与个人质疑本世纪的战争,其中一些人——甘地(Mohandas Gandhi)、马丁·路德·金(Martin Luther King Jr.)与曼德拉(Nelson Mandela)——倡导非暴力(non-violence)作为变革手段。
    • 军队与军事化国家面对冲突的扩散,其回应方式常常进一步加剧了冲突。
    • 一些运动为达成政治目的而对平民使用暴力。

    第三点与第二点同为可考内容,而非附带说明。有关"对既有权力结构的反应"的题目要求给出完整的范围,而不只是非暴力的那一种。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    Mohandas Gandhi 甘地 gān dì
    Martin Luther King Jr. 马丁·路德·金 mǎ dīng · lù dé · jīn
    Nelson Mandela 曼德拉 màn dé lā
    promoted non-violence 非暴力 fēi bào lì
    costly and ultimately failed invasion of Afghanistan 阿富汗战争 ā fù hàn zhàn zhēng
    8.8

    冷战的终结
    大纲

    8.8 End of the Cold War

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    GOV
    Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

    Unit 8.J
    Explain the causes of the end of the Cold War.

    • KC-6.2.IV.E Advances in U.S. military and technological development, the Soviet Union’s costly and ultimately failed invasion of Afghanistan, and public discontent and economic weakness in communist countries led to the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union.

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    CED 在这里同样给出了复合起因:美国军事与技术发展的推进、苏联代价高昂且最终失败的阿富汗战争(invasion of Afghanistan)、公众不满(public discontent),以及苏联体制内部的经济困难(economic problems)。

    注意其中三项属于苏联内部。把冷战的结束纯粹解释为外部压力的答案,忽略了 CED 自身的权重安排。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    public discontent 公众不满 gōng zhòng bù mǎn
    economic problems 经济困难 jīng jì kùn nán
    8.9

    冷战与非殖民化时代的因果关系
    大纲

    8.9 Causation in the Age of the Cold War and Decolonization

    Learning ObjectiveReview: Unit 8 Key Concepts

    Unit 8.K
    Explain the extent to which the effects of the Cold War were similar in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

    • KC-6.2 Peoples and states around the world challenged the existing political and social order in varying ways, leading to unprecedented worldwide conflicts.
      • KC-6.2.II Hopes for greater self-government were largely unfulfilled following the World War I; however, in the years following the World War II, increasing anti-imperialist sentiment contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states.
      • KC-6.2.IV.C The Cold War conflict extended beyond its basic ideological origins to have profound effects on economic, political, social, and cultural aspects of global events.
    • KC-6.3 The role of the state in the domestic economy varied, and new institutions of global association emerged and continued to develop throughout the century.
      • KC-6.3.I States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenges of the 20th century.

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    本单元的推理任务是解释冷战的影响在东西两半球相似到何种程度(extent)。"程度"是一个比较用词:它同时要求相似与差异,并要求就何者占主导作出判断。

    Worked example(一道真实的 AP 考题)。本单元的 AP 世界历史简答题会要求,例如「解释 1945 年后两个不同地区去殖民化进程之间的一项差异」。满分答案会点出两个案例及其差异:「在黄金海岸,独立主要通过谈判实现:民族主义政党赢得选举,英国未经战争即移交权力。在阿尔及利亚,独立来自对法国的长期武装斗争,使新国家承受了军人主导的政府与遭到摧毁的经济。」*注意得分点所在:差异要以对两个*案例都适用的措辞表述,而每一边都要有自己的证据。

    8.9

    考试技巧
    • 冷战不是双极的。不结盟运动属于可考内容,写上它能立刻提升答案。
    • 按 CED 的方式给出各项影响:同盟、核扩散、代理人战争。三项点名的影响胜过一项长篇描述。
    • 谈判独立与武装独立的对比是本单元价值最高的比较,因为它解释了新国家继承了什么。
    • 沿袭的帝国边界比任何其他单一因素都更能解释独立后的冲突。要用上这个说法。
    • 谈抵抗要给出 CED 的全部三种模式——非暴力、军事化回应,以及对平民使用暴力。
    • 冷战的结束主要源自苏联体制内部。按这一权重安排各项起因,并说明理由。
  • 9

    全球化
    单独打开本主题页面
    讲义 词汇表
    9.1

    1900年后技术与交流的进步
    大纲

    9.1 Advances in Technology and Exchange After 1900

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    TEC
    Technology and Innovation — Human adaptation and innovation have resulted in increased efficiency, comfort, and security, and technological advances have shaped human development and interactions with both intended and unintended consequences.

    Unit 9.A
    Explain how the development of new technologies changed the world from 1900 to present.

    • KC-6.1.I.A New modes of communication—including radio communication, cellular communication, and the internet—as well as transportation, including air travel and shipping containers, reduced the problem of geographic distance.
    • KC-6.1.I.D Energy technologies, including the use of petroleum and nuclear power, raised productivity and increased the production of material goods.
    • KC-6.1.III.B More effective forms of birth control gave women greater control over fertility, transformed reproductive practices, and contributed to declining rates of fertility in much of the world.
    • KC-6.1.I.B The Green Revolution and commercial agriculture increased productivity and sustained the earth’s growing population as it spread chemically and genetically modified forms of agriculture.
    • KC-6.1.I.C Medical innovations, including vaccines and antibiotics, increased the ability of humans to survive and live longer lives.

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    第九单元讲述 1900 年至今,其核心动作是评价而非叙述:它所提到的几乎每一项发展都同时带来了收益与代价,而题目奖励能同时把握两者的答案。

    CED 直接列出了这些进步:

    • 新的通信方式(modes of communication)——无线电、移动通信技术与互联网。
    • 能源技术(energy technologies),包括石油(petroleum)与核能(nuclear power)的使用。
    • 医学创新(medical innovations),包括疫苗(vaccines)与抗生素(antibiotics),使寿命(lifespans)延长。
    • 绿色革命(Green Revolution)与商业化农业,使全球粮食供应(global food supply)增加。
    • 更有效的节育(birth control)方式,使女性对生育(fertility)有了更大的控制权,改变了生育方式,并促成工业化国家生育率的下降。

    最后一项要留意。它是一项同时带来人口后果与社会后果的技术变革,因而在关于女性角色变化的题目中是格外有用的证据。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    New modes of communication 通信方式 tōng xìn fāng shì
    Energy technologies 能源技术 néng yuán jì shù
    petroleum 石油 shí yóu
    nuclear power 核能 hé néng
    Medical innovations 医学创新 yī xué chuàng xīn
    vaccines 疫苗 yì miáo
    antibiotics 抗生素 kàng shēng sù
    increased lifespans 寿命 shòu mìng
    Green Revolution 绿色革命 lǜ sè gé mìng
    increased the global food supply 粮食供应 liáng shí gōng yìng
    birth control 节育 jié yù
    fertility 生育 shēng yù
    Diseases associated with poverty persisted 与贫困相关的疾病 yǔ pín kùn xiāng guān de jí bìng
    emerged as epidemics and pandemics 流行病与大流行病 liú xíng bìng yǔ dà liú xíng bìng
    9.2

    1900年后技术的进步与局限:疾病
    大纲

    9.2 Technological Advances and Limitations After 1900: Disease

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    ENV
    Humans and the Environments — The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations in turn shape their environments.

    Unit 9.B
    Explain how environmental factors affected human populations over time.

    • KC-6.1.III Diseases, as well as medical and scientific developments, had significant effects on populations around the world.
    • KC-6.1.III.A Diseases associated with poverty persisted while other diseases emerged as new epidemics and threats to human populations, in some cases leading to social disruption. These outbreaks spurred technological and medical advances. Some diseases occurred at higher incidence merely because of increased longevity.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Diseases associated with poverty: § Malaria § Tuberculosis § Cholera Emergent epidemic diseases: § 1918 influenza pandemic § Ebola § HIV/AIDS Diseases associated with increased longevity: § Heart disease § Alzheimer’s disease

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    本单元中每一项进步都伴随着代价,而考试奖励能同时点出两者的答案
    这正是第九单元的题目要求评价而非描述的原因

    整个世纪中,疾病以及医学与科学的发展对人口产生了重大影响。CED 把这一影响分为两部分:

    • 与贫困相关的疾病持续存在(diseases associated with poverty),同时另一些疾病以流行病与大流行病(epidemics and pandemics)的形式出现。
    • 与寿命延长相关的疾病——如心脏病与老年神经系统疾病——之所以变得更为突出,恰恰因为医学进步延长了寿命。

    第二点是本单元逻辑的缩影:一项干预的成功制造了另一个问题的条件。这并不是矛盾,而明确写出这一点,正是使答案具有分析性的原因。

    9.3

    技术进步:1900年后关于环境的争论
    大纲

    9.3 Technological Advances: Debates About the Environment After 1900

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    ENV
    Humans and the Environments — The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations in turn shape their environments.

    Unit 9.C
    Explain the causes and effects of environmental changes in the period from 1900 to present.

    • KC-6.1.II.A As human activity contributed to deforestation, desertification, a decline in air quality, and increased consumption of the world’s supply of fresh water, humans competed over these and other resources more intensely than ever before.
    • KC-6.1.II.B The release of greenhouse gases and pollutants into the atmosphere contributed to debates about the nature and causes of climate change.

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    人类活动造成了森林砍伐(deforestation)、荒漠化(desertification)、空气质量下降(decline in air quality),以及对世界淡水(fresh water)供应消耗的增加。

    温室气体(greenhouse gases)与污染物向大气的排放引发了关于气候变化的辩论(debates about climate change)。CED 用的词是辩论——可考的内容是这一科学及其政策含义成为国际争论的主题,而不是一项已有定论的指示。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    deforestation 森林砍伐 sēn lín kǎn fá
    desertification 荒漠化 huāng mò huà
    decline in air quality 空气质量下降 kōng qì zhì liàng xià jiàng
    fresh water 淡水 dàn shuǐ
    greenhouse gases 温室气体 wēn shì qì tǐ
    debates about climate change 气候变化 qì hòu biàn huà
    9.4

    全球化时代的经济
    大纲

    9.4 Economics in the Global Age

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    ECN
    Economics Systems — As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.

    Unit 9.D
    Explain the continuities and changes in the global economy from 1900 to present.

    • KC-6.3.I.D In a trend accelerated by the end of the Cold War, many governments encouraged free-market economic policies and promoted economic liberalization in the late 20th century.
    • KC-6.3.I.E In the late 20th century, revolutions in information and communications technology led to the growth of knowledge economies in some regions, while industrial production and manufacturing were increasingly situated in Asia and Latin America.
    • KC-6.3.II.B Changing economic institutions, multinational corporations, and regional trade agreements reflected the spread of principles and practices associated with free-market economics throughout the world.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Governments’ increased encouragement of free-market policies: § The United States under Ronald Reagan § Britain under Margaret Thatcher § China under Deng Xiaoping § Chile under Augusto Pinochet Knowledge economies: § Finland § Japan § U.S. Asian production and manufacturing economies: § Vietnam
      • Bangladesh
    • Latin American production and manufacturing economies:
      • Mexico
      • Honduras
    • Economic institutions and regional trade agreements:
      • World Trade Organization (WTO)
      • North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
      • Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
    • Multinational corporations:
      • Nestlé
      • Nissan
      • Mahindra and Mahindra

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    三项发展界定了这一时期的经济史,而三者都在 1990 年后加速:

    • 许多政府鼓励自由市场政策(free-market economic policies),这一趋势因冷战结束而加速。
    • 信息与通信技术的革命促成了某些地区知识经济(knowledge economies)的增长,而另一些地区仍以农业或制造业为中心。
    • 不断变化的经济制度、跨国公司(multinational corporations)与区域贸易协定(regional trade agreements)重塑了跨境生产与贸易的组织方式。

    值得点明的延续性是:这与第六单元的经济帝国主义是同一个故事,只是换了制度形式。富裕国家的企业再次对别处生产者的参与条件拥有不成比例的影响力。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    free-market economic policies 自由市场政策 zì yóu shì chǎng zhèng cè
    knowledge economies 知识经济 zhī shí jīng jì
    Changing economic institutions, multinational corporations 跨国公司 kuà guó gōng sī
    and regional trade agreements 区域贸易协定 qū yù mào yì xié dìng
    9.5

    1900年后的改革呼声与回应
    大纲

    9.5 Calls for Reform and Responses After 1900

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    SIO
    Social Interactions and Organization — The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization.

    Unit 9.E
    Explain how social categories, roles, and practices have been maintained and challenged over time.

    • KC-6.3.III.i Rights-based discourses challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion.
    • KC-6.3.III.ii In much of the world, access to education as well as participation in new political and professional roles became more inclusive in terms of race, class, gender, and religion.
    • KC-6.3.II.C Movements throughout the world protested the inequality of the environmental and economic consequences of global integration.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Challenges to assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion:
      • The U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, especially as it sought to protect the rights of children, women, and refugees
      • Global feminism movements
      • Negritude movement
      • Liberation theology in Latin America
    • Increased access to education and political and professional roles:
      • The right to vote and/ or to hold public office granted to women in the United States (1920), Brazil (1932), Turkey (1934), Japan (1945), India (1947), and Morocco (1963)
      • The rising rate of female literacy and the increasing numbers of women in higher education, in most parts of the world
      • The U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1965
      • The end of apartheid
      • Caste reservation in India
    • Environmental movements:
      • Greenpeace
      • Professor Wangari Maathai’s Green Belt Movement in Kenya
    • Economic movements:
      • World Fair Trade Organization

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    权利话语(rights-based discourses)挑战了关于种族、阶级、性别与宗教的旧有假设。在世界许多地方,受教育机会(access to education)与在新的政治与专业角色中的参与变得更具包容性——这一进程并不均衡,但确实发生了。

    与此同时,世界各地的运动抗议了全球一体化(global integration)在环境与经济后果上的不平等。两个方面都在考查范围内:更大的包容性,以及对收益分配方式的有组织反对。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    Rights-based discourses 权利话语 quán lì huà yǔ
    access to education 受教育机会 shòu jiào yù jī huì
    global integration 全球一体化 quán qiú yī tǐ huà
    led to changes in the arts 艺术 yì shù
    increasingly reflected global influence 全球影响 quán qiú yǐng xiǎng
    9.6

    1900年后的全球化文化
    大纲

    9.6 Globalized Culture After 1900

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    CDI
    Cultural Developments and Interactions — The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.

    Unit 9.F
    Explain how and why globalization changed culture over time.

    • KC-6.3.IV.i Political and social changes of the 20th century led to changes in the arts and in the second half of the century, popular and consumer culture became more global.
    • KC-6.3.IV.ii Arts, entertainment, and popular culture increasingly reflected the influence of a globalized society.
    • KC-6.3.IV.iii Consumer culture became globalized and transcended national borders.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Global culture:
      • Music: Reggae
      • Movies: Bollywood
      • Social media: Facebook, Twitter
      • Television: BBC
      • Sports: World Cup soccer, the Olympics
    • Global consumerism:
      • Online commerce: Alibaba, eBay
      • Global brands: Toyota, Coca-Cola

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    CED 就文化提出了三项彼此不同的论断,它们不是同一个论断:

    • 二十世纪的政治与社会变革促成了艺术(arts)与其他文化表达形式的变化。
    • 艺术、娱乐与流行文化日益体现全球影响(global influence)——各种形式在不同地区之间被借用、改造与重组。
    • 消费文化(consumer culture)走向全球化并超越了国界。

    第三项在论述题中最为有力,因为它最可衡量:同样的产品、品牌与消费方式出现在差异极大的社会之中。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    Consumer culture 消费文化 xiāo fèi wén huà
    Responses to rising cultural and economic globalisation took a variety of forms 多种形式 duō zhǒng xíng shì
    9.7

    1900年后对全球化的抵制
    大纲

    9.7 Resistance to Globalization After 1900

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    CDI
    Cultural Developments and Interactions — The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.

    Unit 9.G
    Explain the various responses to increasing globalization from 1900 to present.

    • KC-6.3.IV.iv Responses to rising cultural and economic globalization took a variety of forms.

    Illustrative examples:

    • Responses to economic globalization:
      • Anti-IMF and anti-World Bank activism
      • Advent of locally developed social media (Weibo in China)

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    对文化与经济全球化上升的回应采取了多种形式(a variety of forms)。CED 有意让这一类别保持宽泛,而好的答案会用不同种类来填充它,而不是把同一种重复三遍:

    • 捍卫本土文化认同(local or national cultural identity)以抵御同质化影响的运动。
    • 基于经济理由对贸易协定与国际金融机构的有组织反对。
    • 拒斥伴随一体化而来的社会变化的宗教与传统主义运动(religious and traditionalist movements)。
    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    local or national cultural identity 本土文化认同 běn tǔ wén huà rèn tóng
    Religious and traditionalist movements 宗教与传统主义运动 zōng jiào yǔ chuán tǒng zhǔ yì yùn dòng
    New international organisations 国际组织 guó jì zǔ zhī
    9.8

    全球化世界中发展起来的机构
    大纲

    9.8 Institutions Developing in a Globalized World

    Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

    GOV
    Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

    Unit 9.H
    Explain how and why globalization changed international interactions among states.

    • KC-6.3.II.A New international organizations, including the United Nations, formed with the stated goal of maintaining world peace and facilitating international cooperation.

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    新的国际组织(international organisations),包括联合国(United Nations),应运而生,用以处理任何单一国家都无法独自应对的问题——安全、卫生、难民、贸易与环境。

    这也为整门课程收束了弧线:第七单元以一种秩序的崩塌与前所未有的冲突开篇;第九单元则以因应而建立的各种制度作结,以及一场仍未有定论的争论——这些制度应当拥有多大的权威。

    词汇表 训练
    英文 中文 拼音
    United Nations 联合国 lián hé guó
    9.9

    全球化世界中的延续与变化
    大纲

    9.9 Continuity and Change in a Globalized World

    Learning ObjectiveReview: Unit 9 Key Concepts

    Unit 9.I
    Explain the extent to which science and technology brought change in the period from 1900 to the present.

    • KC-6.1 Rapid advances in science and technology altered the understanding of the universe and the natural world and led to advances in communication, transportation, industry, agriculture, and medicine.
      • KC-6.1.I.A New modes of communication— including radio communication, cellular communication, and the internet—as well as transportation, including air travel and shipping containers, reduced the problem of geographic distance.
      • KC-6.1.I.D Energy technologies, including the use of petroleum and nuclear power, raised productivity and increased the production of material goods.
      • KC-6.1.III.B More effective forms of birth control gave women greater control over fertility, transformed reproductive practices, and contributed to declining rates of fertility in much of the world.
      • KC-6.1.I.B The Green Revolution and commercial agriculture increased productivity and sustained the earth’s growing population as it spread chemically and genetically modified forms of agriculture.
      • KC-6.1.I.C Medical innovations, including vaccines and antibiotics, increased the ability of humans to survive and live longer lives.
    • KC-6.3.I States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenges of the 20th century.
    • KC-6.3.III.i Rights-based discourses challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion.
    • KC-6.3.III.ii In much of the world, access to education as well as participation in new political and professional roles became more inclusive in terms of race, class, gender, and religion.
    • KC-6.3.IV.i Political and social changes of the 20th century led to changes in the arts and in the second half of the century, popular and consumer culture became more global.
    • KC-6.3.IV.ii Arts, entertainment, and popular culture increasingly reflected the influence of a globalized society.
    • KC-6.3.IV.iii Consumer culture became globalized and transcended national borders.

    来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

    本单元考查的推理能力是延续与变化,并要贯穿整个现代时期来运用。

    **Worked example(一道真实的 AP 考题)。本单元的 AP 世界历史简答题会要求,例如「解释 1900 年后技术发展影响世界人口的一种方式」。满分答案会点出该项发展并追溯其影响:「疫苗与抗生素等医学创新减少了传染病死亡,由此延长了平均寿命并促成人口快速增长,在那些医疗手段引入速度快于出生率下降速度的地区尤为明显。」注意其中的机制:要给出人口变化的原因,而不只是陈述人口发生了变化。

    9.9

    考试技巧
    • 第九单元的题目是评价性的。对几乎每一项进步,都要同时点出收益与代价。仅这一个习惯就能提升本单元的多数答案。
    • 节育同时是技术、人口与社会三方面的证据——在关于女性角色变化的题目中格外灵活。
    • 与寿命延长相关的疾病的上升源于医学的成功。要明确写出这一点,它展示的是因果推理。
    • 谈气候时,CED 用的词是辩论。要写这场争论,而不是写一个结论。
    • 把全球经济与第六单元连接起来:同样的不对称,新的制度。跨时期的联系在论述题中得分很好。
    • 谈对全球化的抵制,要给出不同种类——文化的、经济的、宗教的——而不是把同一种写三遍。

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