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全球化

AP 世界历史 · 第 9 主题

训练
讲义 词汇表
9.1

1900年后技术与交流的进步
大纲

9.1 Advances in Technology and Exchange After 1900

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

TEC
Technology and Innovation — Human adaptation and innovation have resulted in increased efficiency, comfort, and security, and technological advances have shaped human development and interactions with both intended and unintended consequences.

Unit 9.A
Explain how the development of new technologies changed the world from 1900 to present.

  • KC-6.1.I.A New modes of communication—including radio communication, cellular communication, and the internet—as well as transportation, including air travel and shipping containers, reduced the problem of geographic distance.
  • KC-6.1.I.D Energy technologies, including the use of petroleum and nuclear power, raised productivity and increased the production of material goods.
  • KC-6.1.III.B More effective forms of birth control gave women greater control over fertility, transformed reproductive practices, and contributed to declining rates of fertility in much of the world.
  • KC-6.1.I.B The Green Revolution and commercial agriculture increased productivity and sustained the earth’s growing population as it spread chemically and genetically modified forms of agriculture.
  • KC-6.1.I.C Medical innovations, including vaccines and antibiotics, increased the ability of humans to survive and live longer lives.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

第九单元讲述 1900 年至今,其核心动作是评价而非叙述:它所提到的几乎每一项发展都同时带来了收益与代价,而题目奖励能同时把握两者的答案。

CED 直接列出了这些进步:

  • 新的通信方式(modes of communication)——无线电、移动通信技术与互联网。
  • 能源技术(energy technologies),包括石油(petroleum)与核能(nuclear power)的使用。
  • 医学创新(medical innovations),包括疫苗(vaccines)与抗生素(antibiotics),使寿命(lifespans)延长。
  • 绿色革命(Green Revolution)与商业化农业,使全球粮食供应(global food supply)增加。
  • 更有效的节育(birth control)方式,使女性对生育(fertility)有了更大的控制权,改变了生育方式,并促成工业化国家生育率的下降。

最后一项要留意。它是一项同时带来人口后果与社会后果的技术变革,因而在关于女性角色变化的题目中是格外有用的证据。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
New modes of communication 通信方式 tōng xìn fāng shì
Energy technologies 能源技术 néng yuán jì shù
petroleum 石油 shí yóu
nuclear power 核能 hé néng
Medical innovations 医学创新 yī xué chuàng xīn
vaccines 疫苗 yì miáo
antibiotics 抗生素 kàng shēng sù
increased lifespans 寿命 shòu mìng
Green Revolution 绿色革命 lǜ sè gé mìng
increased the global food supply 粮食供应 liáng shí gōng yìng
birth control 节育 jié yù
fertility 生育 shēng yù
Diseases associated with poverty persisted 与贫困相关的疾病 yǔ pín kùn xiāng guān de jí bìng
emerged as epidemics and pandemics 流行病与大流行病 liú xíng bìng yǔ dà liú xíng bìng
9.2

1900年后技术的进步与局限:疾病
大纲

9.2 Technological Advances and Limitations After 1900: Disease

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

ENV
Humans and the Environments — The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations in turn shape their environments.

Unit 9.B
Explain how environmental factors affected human populations over time.

  • KC-6.1.III Diseases, as well as medical and scientific developments, had significant effects on populations around the world.
  • KC-6.1.III.A Diseases associated with poverty persisted while other diseases emerged as new epidemics and threats to human populations, in some cases leading to social disruption. These outbreaks spurred technological and medical advances. Some diseases occurred at higher incidence merely because of increased longevity.

Illustrative examples:

  • Diseases associated with poverty: § Malaria § Tuberculosis § Cholera Emergent epidemic diseases: § 1918 influenza pandemic § Ebola § HIV/AIDS Diseases associated with increased longevity: § Heart disease § Alzheimer’s disease

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

本单元中每一项进步都伴随着代价,而考试奖励能同时点出两者的答案
这正是第九单元的题目要求评价而非描述的原因

整个世纪中,疾病以及医学与科学的发展对人口产生了重大影响。CED 把这一影响分为两部分:

  • 与贫困相关的疾病持续存在(diseases associated with poverty),同时另一些疾病以流行病与大流行病(epidemics and pandemics)的形式出现。
  • 与寿命延长相关的疾病——如心脏病与老年神经系统疾病——之所以变得更为突出,恰恰因为医学进步延长了寿命。

第二点是本单元逻辑的缩影:一项干预的成功制造了另一个问题的条件。这并不是矛盾,而明确写出这一点,正是使答案具有分析性的原因。

9.3

技术进步:1900年后关于环境的争论
大纲

9.3 Technological Advances: Debates About the Environment After 1900

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

ENV
Humans and the Environments — The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations in turn shape their environments.

Unit 9.C
Explain the causes and effects of environmental changes in the period from 1900 to present.

  • KC-6.1.II.A As human activity contributed to deforestation, desertification, a decline in air quality, and increased consumption of the world’s supply of fresh water, humans competed over these and other resources more intensely than ever before.
  • KC-6.1.II.B The release of greenhouse gases and pollutants into the atmosphere contributed to debates about the nature and causes of climate change.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

人类活动造成了森林砍伐(deforestation)、荒漠化(desertification)、空气质量下降(decline in air quality),以及对世界淡水(fresh water)供应消耗的增加。

温室气体(greenhouse gases)与污染物向大气的排放引发了关于气候变化的辩论(debates about climate change)。CED 用的词是辩论——可考的内容是这一科学及其政策含义成为国际争论的主题,而不是一项已有定论的指示。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
deforestation 森林砍伐 sēn lín kǎn fá
desertification 荒漠化 huāng mò huà
decline in air quality 空气质量下降 kōng qì zhì liàng xià jiàng
fresh water 淡水 dàn shuǐ
greenhouse gases 温室气体 wēn shì qì tǐ
debates about climate change 气候变化 qì hòu biàn huà
9.4

全球化时代的经济
大纲

9.4 Economics in the Global Age

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

ECN
Economics Systems — As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.

Unit 9.D
Explain the continuities and changes in the global economy from 1900 to present.

  • KC-6.3.I.D In a trend accelerated by the end of the Cold War, many governments encouraged free-market economic policies and promoted economic liberalization in the late 20th century.
  • KC-6.3.I.E In the late 20th century, revolutions in information and communications technology led to the growth of knowledge economies in some regions, while industrial production and manufacturing were increasingly situated in Asia and Latin America.
  • KC-6.3.II.B Changing economic institutions, multinational corporations, and regional trade agreements reflected the spread of principles and practices associated with free-market economics throughout the world.

Illustrative examples:

  • Governments’ increased encouragement of free-market policies: § The United States under Ronald Reagan § Britain under Margaret Thatcher § China under Deng Xiaoping § Chile under Augusto Pinochet Knowledge economies: § Finland § Japan § U.S. Asian production and manufacturing economies: § Vietnam
    • Bangladesh
  • Latin American production and manufacturing economies:
    • Mexico
    • Honduras
  • Economic institutions and regional trade agreements:
    • World Trade Organization (WTO)
    • North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
    • Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
  • Multinational corporations:
    • Nestlé
    • Nissan
    • Mahindra and Mahindra

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

三项发展界定了这一时期的经济史,而三者都在 1990 年后加速:

  • 许多政府鼓励自由市场政策(free-market economic policies),这一趋势因冷战结束而加速。
  • 信息与通信技术的革命促成了某些地区知识经济(knowledge economies)的增长,而另一些地区仍以农业或制造业为中心。
  • 不断变化的经济制度、跨国公司(multinational corporations)与区域贸易协定(regional trade agreements)重塑了跨境生产与贸易的组织方式。

值得点明的延续性是:这与第六单元的经济帝国主义是同一个故事,只是换了制度形式。富裕国家的企业再次对别处生产者的参与条件拥有不成比例的影响力。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
free-market economic policies 自由市场政策 zì yóu shì chǎng zhèng cè
knowledge economies 知识经济 zhī shí jīng jì
Changing economic institutions, multinational corporations 跨国公司 kuà guó gōng sī
and regional trade agreements 区域贸易协定 qū yù mào yì xié dìng
9.5

1900年后的改革呼声与回应
大纲

9.5 Calls for Reform and Responses After 1900

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

SIO
Social Interactions and Organization — The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization.

Unit 9.E
Explain how social categories, roles, and practices have been maintained and challenged over time.

  • KC-6.3.III.i Rights-based discourses challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion.
  • KC-6.3.III.ii In much of the world, access to education as well as participation in new political and professional roles became more inclusive in terms of race, class, gender, and religion.
  • KC-6.3.II.C Movements throughout the world protested the inequality of the environmental and economic consequences of global integration.

Illustrative examples:

  • Challenges to assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion:
    • The U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, especially as it sought to protect the rights of children, women, and refugees
    • Global feminism movements
    • Negritude movement
    • Liberation theology in Latin America
  • Increased access to education and political and professional roles:
    • The right to vote and/ or to hold public office granted to women in the United States (1920), Brazil (1932), Turkey (1934), Japan (1945), India (1947), and Morocco (1963)
    • The rising rate of female literacy and the increasing numbers of women in higher education, in most parts of the world
    • The U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1965
    • The end of apartheid
    • Caste reservation in India
  • Environmental movements:
    • Greenpeace
    • Professor Wangari Maathai’s Green Belt Movement in Kenya
  • Economic movements:
    • World Fair Trade Organization

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

权利话语(rights-based discourses)挑战了关于种族、阶级、性别与宗教的旧有假设。在世界许多地方,受教育机会(access to education)与在新的政治与专业角色中的参与变得更具包容性——这一进程并不均衡,但确实发生了。

与此同时,世界各地的运动抗议了全球一体化(global integration)在环境与经济后果上的不平等。两个方面都在考查范围内:更大的包容性,以及对收益分配方式的有组织反对。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
Rights-based discourses 权利话语 quán lì huà yǔ
access to education 受教育机会 shòu jiào yù jī huì
global integration 全球一体化 quán qiú yī tǐ huà
led to changes in the arts 艺术 yì shù
increasingly reflected global influence 全球影响 quán qiú yǐng xiǎng
9.6

1900年后的全球化文化
大纲

9.6 Globalized Culture After 1900

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

CDI
Cultural Developments and Interactions — The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.

Unit 9.F
Explain how and why globalization changed culture over time.

  • KC-6.3.IV.i Political and social changes of the 20th century led to changes in the arts and in the second half of the century, popular and consumer culture became more global.
  • KC-6.3.IV.ii Arts, entertainment, and popular culture increasingly reflected the influence of a globalized society.
  • KC-6.3.IV.iii Consumer culture became globalized and transcended national borders.

Illustrative examples:

  • Global culture:
    • Music: Reggae
    • Movies: Bollywood
    • Social media: Facebook, Twitter
    • Television: BBC
    • Sports: World Cup soccer, the Olympics
  • Global consumerism:
    • Online commerce: Alibaba, eBay
    • Global brands: Toyota, Coca-Cola

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

CED 就文化提出了三项彼此不同的论断,它们不是同一个论断:

  • 二十世纪的政治与社会变革促成了艺术(arts)与其他文化表达形式的变化。
  • 艺术、娱乐与流行文化日益体现全球影响(global influence)——各种形式在不同地区之间被借用、改造与重组。
  • 消费文化(consumer culture)走向全球化并超越了国界。

第三项在论述题中最为有力,因为它最可衡量:同样的产品、品牌与消费方式出现在差异极大的社会之中。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
Consumer culture 消费文化 xiāo fèi wén huà
Responses to rising cultural and economic globalisation took a variety of forms 多种形式 duō zhǒng xíng shì
9.7

1900年后对全球化的抵制
大纲

9.7 Resistance to Globalization After 1900

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

CDI
Cultural Developments and Interactions — The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.

Unit 9.G
Explain the various responses to increasing globalization from 1900 to present.

  • KC-6.3.IV.iv Responses to rising cultural and economic globalization took a variety of forms.

Illustrative examples:

  • Responses to economic globalization:
    • Anti-IMF and anti-World Bank activism
    • Advent of locally developed social media (Weibo in China)

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

对文化与经济全球化上升的回应采取了多种形式(a variety of forms)。CED 有意让这一类别保持宽泛,而好的答案会用不同种类来填充它,而不是把同一种重复三遍:

  • 捍卫本土文化认同(local or national cultural identity)以抵御同质化影响的运动。
  • 基于经济理由对贸易协定与国际金融机构的有组织反对。
  • 拒斥伴随一体化而来的社会变化的宗教与传统主义运动(religious and traditionalist movements)。
词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
local or national cultural identity 本土文化认同 běn tǔ wén huà rèn tóng
Religious and traditionalist movements 宗教与传统主义运动 zōng jiào yǔ chuán tǒng zhǔ yì yùn dòng
New international organisations 国际组织 guó jì zǔ zhī
9.8

全球化世界中发展起来的机构
大纲

9.8 Institutions Developing in a Globalized World

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

GOV
Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

Unit 9.H
Explain how and why globalization changed international interactions among states.

  • KC-6.3.II.A New international organizations, including the United Nations, formed with the stated goal of maintaining world peace and facilitating international cooperation.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

新的国际组织(international organisations),包括联合国(United Nations),应运而生,用以处理任何单一国家都无法独自应对的问题——安全、卫生、难民、贸易与环境。

这也为整门课程收束了弧线:第七单元以一种秩序的崩塌与前所未有的冲突开篇;第九单元则以因应而建立的各种制度作结,以及一场仍未有定论的争论——这些制度应当拥有多大的权威。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
United Nations 联合国 lián hé guó
9.9

全球化世界中的延续与变化
大纲

9.9 Continuity and Change in a Globalized World

Learning ObjectiveReview: Unit 9 Key Concepts

Unit 9.I
Explain the extent to which science and technology brought change in the period from 1900 to the present.

  • KC-6.1 Rapid advances in science and technology altered the understanding of the universe and the natural world and led to advances in communication, transportation, industry, agriculture, and medicine.
    • KC-6.1.I.A New modes of communication— including radio communication, cellular communication, and the internet—as well as transportation, including air travel and shipping containers, reduced the problem of geographic distance.
    • KC-6.1.I.D Energy technologies, including the use of petroleum and nuclear power, raised productivity and increased the production of material goods.
    • KC-6.1.III.B More effective forms of birth control gave women greater control over fertility, transformed reproductive practices, and contributed to declining rates of fertility in much of the world.
    • KC-6.1.I.B The Green Revolution and commercial agriculture increased productivity and sustained the earth’s growing population as it spread chemically and genetically modified forms of agriculture.
    • KC-6.1.I.C Medical innovations, including vaccines and antibiotics, increased the ability of humans to survive and live longer lives.
  • KC-6.3.I States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenges of the 20th century.
  • KC-6.3.III.i Rights-based discourses challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion.
  • KC-6.3.III.ii In much of the world, access to education as well as participation in new political and professional roles became more inclusive in terms of race, class, gender, and religion.
  • KC-6.3.IV.i Political and social changes of the 20th century led to changes in the arts and in the second half of the century, popular and consumer culture became more global.
  • KC-6.3.IV.ii Arts, entertainment, and popular culture increasingly reflected the influence of a globalized society.
  • KC-6.3.IV.iii Consumer culture became globalized and transcended national borders.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

本单元考查的推理能力是延续与变化,并要贯穿整个现代时期来运用。

**Worked example(一道真实的 AP 考题)。本单元的 AP 世界历史简答题会要求,例如「解释 1900 年后技术发展影响世界人口的一种方式」。满分答案会点出该项发展并追溯其影响:「疫苗与抗生素等医学创新减少了传染病死亡,由此延长了平均寿命并促成人口快速增长,在那些医疗手段引入速度快于出生率下降速度的地区尤为明显。」注意其中的机制:要给出人口变化的原因,而不只是陈述人口发生了变化。

9.9

考试技巧
  • 第九单元的题目是评价性的。对几乎每一项进步,都要同时点出收益与代价。仅这一个习惯就能提升本单元的多数答案。
  • 节育同时是技术、人口与社会三方面的证据——在关于女性角色变化的题目中格外灵活。
  • 与寿命延长相关的疾病的上升源于医学的成功。要明确写出这一点,它展示的是因果推理。
  • 谈气候时,CED 用的词是辩论。要写这场争论,而不是写一个结论。
  • 把全球经济与第六单元连接起来:同样的不对称,新的制度。跨时期的联系在论述题中得分很好。
  • 谈对全球化的抵制,要给出不同种类——文化的、经济的、宗教的——而不是把同一种写三遍。

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