A Globalised Culture · 全球化文化
Politics changed the arts first
- Political and social changes of the 20th century led to changes in the arts, and in the second half of the century, popular and consumer culture became more global.
- The CED's order is deliberate: political change first, then the arts, then a global popular culture.
- So culture is presented as responding to the century's upheavals, not floating free of them.
政治首先改变了艺术
- 二十世纪的政治与社会变化带来了艺术的变化,而在这个世纪的下半叶,大众文化与消费文化变得更加全球化。
- CED 的顺序是有意的:先是政治变化,然后是艺术,再然后是全球性的大众文化。
- 因此文化被呈现为对这个世纪种种动荡的回应,而不是漂浮于其外。
The CED's order in this subtopic is... · CED在该子主题中的顺序是……
Culture is presented as responding to the century's upheavals. · 文化被呈现为对世纪动荡的回应。
Influence, not replacement
- Arts, entertainment and popular culture increasingly reflected the influence of a globalised society.
- The CED's examples travel in several directions: reggae, Bollywood, social media, the BBC, World Cup soccer and the Olympics.
- Note that the list is not one-directional — a globalised culture is one in which forms circulate, not one in which a single centre broadcasts.
影响,而不是取代
- 艺术、娱乐与大众文化日益反映出全球化社会的影响。
- CED 的例子朝多个方向流动:雷鬼、宝莱坞、社交媒体、英国广播公司、世界杯足球赛与奥运会。
- 注意这份清单不是单向的——全球化的文化,是各种形式在其中流通的文化,而不是由单一中心向外广播的文化。
Select all · 所有 the cultural forms and events the CED names. · 选择CED指出的全部文化形式和事件。
The Green Revolution is agricultural, in 9.1. · 绿色革命属于农业，在第9.1单元。
Consumer culture crossed borders
- Consumer culture became globalised and transcended national borders.
- The CED's examples: online commerce — Alibaba, eBay — and global brands — Toyota, Coca-Cola.
- Transcended national borders is precise: a brand does not need a state's permission to be recognised inside it.
消费文化跨越了边界
- 消费文化变得全球化,并超越了国界。
- CED 的例子:线上商务——阿里巴巴、eBay——以及全球品牌——丰田、可口可乐。
- "超越了国界"很精确:一个品牌无需某个国家的许可,就能在其境内被认出。
Arts and entertainment, consumer culture, or the carrier? · 艺术与娱乐、消费文化，还是载体？
Sort each item in the globalisation of culture. · 排序全球化文化中的每一项。
A globalised culture means one centre broadcasting to everywhere else. · 全球化文化意味着一个中心向其他地方广播。
The CED's own examples run in several directions. · CED自己的例子朝多个方向流动。
A globalised culture is one in which forms circulate, not one broadcast from a single centre. The CED's own examples run in several directions — reggae, Bollywood, the BBC, Alibaba — so an answer describing one-way cultural export has narrowed the list it is quoting.
**全球化的文化,是各种形式在其中流通的文化,而不是由单一中心向外广播的文化。**CED 自己的例子流向多个方向——雷鬼、宝莱坞、英国广播公司、阿里巴巴——因此描述单向文化输出的答案,收窄了它所引用的那份清单。
Consumer culture became globalised and ____ national borders. · 消费文化变得全球化并____国界。
A brand does not need a state's permission to be recognised inside it. · 品牌无需国家许可即可在其境内获得认可。
How and why, not just what
- The objective is how and why globalisation changed culture over time.
- How: through the technologies of 9.1 — broadcasting, recording, satellite, the internet — and the corporations of 9.4.
- Why: because a form that can be reproduced cheaply travels wherever the network reaches, and audiences everywhere can pay for it.
如何与为何,而不只是什么
- 这一目标是全球化如何以及为何随时间改变了文化。
- 如何:通过 9.1 的那些技术——广播、录音、卫星、互联网——以及 9.4 的那些公司。
- 为何:因为一种可以廉价复制的形式,会随着网络所及而流传,而各地的受众都付得起钱。
Put the three-part shape of a culture answer in order. · 按顺序排列文化答案的三部分结构。
That shape keeps a culture answer evidential rather than impressionistic. · 这种结构使文化答案具有实证性而非印象化。
Writing about culture historically
- Name a form, name the technology that carried it, and name what changed where it arrived.
- Reggae carried by recording and radio; Bollywood by film distribution and diaspora audiences; football by satellite broadcasting.
- That three-part shape keeps a culture answer evidential rather than impressionistic.
历史地书写文化
- 点出一种形式、点出承载它的技术,并点出它抵达之处发生了什么变化。
- 雷鬼由录音与广播承载;宝莱坞由电影发行与侨民观众承载;足球由卫星转播承载。
- 这一三段式结构,使关于文化的答案保持在证据层面,而不流于印象。
Reggae is recorded on one island, pressed onto discs, played on radio stations in a dozen countries, and reworked by musicians who have never been there. Nothing was exported by a state and no audience was compelled. The technology made the form portable, and the portability did the rest.
雷鬼在一座岛上被录制、压成唱片、在十几个国家的电台播放,并被从未去过那里的音乐人改编。没有哪个国家出口过什么,也没有哪个受众被强迫。技术让这种形式变得可携带,而可携带性完成了其余的事。
Political and social changes led to changes in the arts, and in the second half of the century popular and consumer culture became more global. Arts, entertainment and popular culture increasingly reflected the influence of a globalised society — reggae, Bollywood, social media, the BBC, the World Cup and Olympics. Consumer culture became globalised and transcended national borders — Alibaba, eBay, Toyota, Coca-Cola.
政治与社会变化带来了艺术的变化,而在这个世纪的下半叶,大众文化与消费文化变得更加全球化。 艺术、娱乐与大众文化日益反映出全球化社会的影响——雷鬼、宝莱坞、社交媒体、英国广播公司、世界杯与奥运会。消费文化变得全球化并超越了国界——阿里巴巴、eBay、丰田、可口可乐。