How Much Did Science and Technology Change? · 科学和技术改变有多大？
The course's last extent question
- Explain the extent to which science and technology brought change in the period from 1900 to the present.
- Extent is a degree, exactly as in 5.10, 8.9 and 6.8 — the course keeps asking the same skill of new material.
- So the routine is unchanged: largest change, largest continuity, then a specific degree.
本课程最后一道"程度"题
- 解释 1900 年至今科学与技术在多大程度上带来了变化。
- "程度"是一个度,与 5.10、8.9 和 6.8 完全一样——本课程不断用同一项技能去问新的材料。
- 因此流程没有变:最大的变化、最大的延续,然后给出一个具体的程度判断。
Select all · 所有 the domains the CED says science and technology advanced. · 选择CED所说的科学和技术取得进步的全部领域。
Five domains in one Key Concept, and each is measurable. · 一个核心概念包含五个领域，且每个都是可测量的。
The case for very large change
- Rapid advances in science and technology altered the understanding of the universe and the natural world and led to advances in communication, transportation, industry, agriculture and medicine.
- 9.1 supplies the evidence: distance reduced, productivity raised, a growing population fed, lives lengthened, fertility transformed.
- That is five domains in one Key Concept, and each is measurable.
支持"变化极大"的论据
- 科学与技术的迅速进步,改变了对宇宙与自然界的理解,并带来了通讯、交通、工业、农业与医学的进步。
- 9.1 提供了证据:距离被减少、生产率被提高、不断增长的人口被养活、寿命被延长、生育被改变。
- 这是一条核心概念中的五个领域,而每一个都可以度量。
Select all · 所有 the limits available for this answer. · 选择该答案可用的全部限制。
The same advances that lengthened lives supplied the century's weapons. · 同样延长寿命的进步也为世纪的武器提供了支持。
The case for limits
- Diseases associated with poverty persisted (9.2), and the CED marks their persistence as a distribution problem rather than a knowledge one.
- Technology also produced the environmental pressures and resource competition of 9.3, and the higher casualties of 7.3 and 7.7.
- So the same advances that lengthened lives supplied the century's weapons — the degree has to account for both.
支持"存在限度"的论据
- 与贫困相关的疾病持续存在(9.2),而 CED 把它们的持续标记为分配问题,而不是知识问题。
- 技术同样造成了 9.3 的环境压力与资源争夺,以及 7.3 与 7.7 中更高的伤亡。
- 因此那些延长了生命的进步,也提供了这个世纪的武器——程度判断必须把两者都交代清楚。
Evidence of change, evidence of a limit, or the degree? · 变化的证据、限制的证，还是程度？
Sort each element of a final extent answer. · 排序最终程度答案的每个要素。
The CED treats the persistence of poverty-associated diseases as... · CED将与贫困相关的疾病的持续存在视为……
They are treatable and preventable conditions that continued anyway. · 它们是原本可治疗和预防的状况，却依然持续存在。
The same advances lengthened lives and supplied the century's weapons. 9.1 and 9.2 record medicine and agriculture; 7.3 and 7.7 record technology raising casualties, and 9.3 records environmental pressure. A degree that counts only the benefits has not read the course it is summarising.
**同样这些进步,既延长了生命,也提供了这个世纪的武器。**9.1 与 9.2 记录了医学与农业;7.3 与 7.7 记录了技术如何抬高伤亡,而 9.3 记录了环境压力。只计算好处的程度判断,没有读懂它所总结的这门课程。
A defensible degree is: transformative in capability, ____ in distribution. · 一个有辩护力的程度是：能力上具有变革性，____分布上。
It can be defended from unit 9 alone. · 它可以仅凭第9单元进行辩护。
Three more review statements
- States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenges of the 20th century.
- Rights-based discourses challenged old assumptions, and access became more inclusive in much of the world.
- Popular and consumer culture became more global. All three interact with technology, and none is only a technology story.
另外三条复习陈述
- 各国以多种方式回应二十世纪的经济挑战。
- 基于权利的话语挑战了旧有假定,而世界许多地方的机会变得更具包容性。
- **大众文化与消费文化变得更加全球化。**三者都与技术相互作用,而没有一条只是技术的故事。
Put the final extent routine in order. · 按顺序排列最终的 extent 常规步骤。
The course has asked this same skill in units 5, 6, 8 and 9. · 课程已在第5、6、8和9单元询问过同一技能。
A final extent routine
- Name the largest change with one measurable piece of evidence.
- Name the largest limit — persistence of poverty diseases, or the environmental and military costs.
- Give a specific degree: transformative in capability, uneven in distribution is defensible from unit 9 alone.
最后的"程度"流程
- 用一处可度量的证据点出最大的变化。
- 点出最大的限度——贫困相关疾病的持续,或环境与军事上的代价。
- 给出一个具体的程度判断:"在能力上是变革性的,在分配上是不均的",仅凭第九单元就能捍卫。
Change: a child born in 2000 could expect decades more life than one born in 1900, on evidence from vaccines, antibiotics and food supply. Limit: malaria, tuberculosis and cholera persisted throughout, and the CED calls that a matter of distribution. Degree: transformative in capability, uneven in distribution.
变化:一个 2000 年出生的孩子,其预期寿命比 1900 年出生的孩子多出数十年,证据来自疫苗、抗生素与粮食供应。限度:疟疾、结核病与霍乱始终持续存在,而 CED 把这称作分配的问题。程度:在能力上是变革性的,在分配上是不均的。
Rapid advances in science and technology altered the understanding of the universe and the natural world and led to advances in communication, transportation, industry, agriculture and medicine. The limits: poverty-associated diseases persisted as a distribution problem, and technology also produced environmental pressure and higher wartime casualties. A defensible degree: transformative in capability, uneven in distribution.
科学与技术的迅速进步改变了对宇宙与自然界的理解,并带来了通讯、交通、工业、农业与医学的进步。限度在于:与贫困相关的疾病作为分配问题持续存在,而技术也造成了环境压力与更高的战时伤亡。一个站得住的程度判断:在能力上是变革性的,在分配上是不均的。