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AP 世界历史 · 第 4 主题

训练
讲义 词汇表
4.1 4.2

1450年至1750年的技术革新
大纲

4.1 Technological Innovations from1450 to 1750

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

TEC
Technology and Innovation — Human adaptation and innovation have resulted in increased efficiency, comfort, and security, and technological advances have shaped human development and interactions with both intended and unintended consequences.

Unit 4.A
Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technology and facilitated changes in patterns of trade and travel from 1450 to 1750.

  • KC-4.1.II Knowledge, scientific learning, and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spread, facilitating European technological developments and innovation.
  • KC-4.1.II.A The developments included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of regional wind and currents patterns—all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible.

Illustrative examples:

  • Innovations in ship design:
    • Caravel
    • Carrack
    • Fluyt
  • European technological developments influenced by cross-cultural interactions with the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds:
    • Lateen sail
    • Compass
    • Astronomical charts

4.2 Exploration: Causes and Events from 1450 to 1750

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

GOV
Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

Unit 4.B
Describe the role of states in the expansion of maritime exploration from 1450 to 1750. THEMATIC FOCUS Economics Systems ECN As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

  • KC-4.1.III New state-supported transoceanic maritime exploration occurred in this period. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Unit 4.C
Explain the economic causes and effects of maritime exploration by the various European states.

  • KC-4.1.III.A Portuguese development of maritime technology and navigational skills led to increased travel to and trade with Africa and Asia and resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire.
  • KC-4.1.III.B Spanish sponsorship of the voyages of Columbus and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade.
  • KC-4.1.III.C Northern Atlantic crossings were undertaken under English, French, and Dutch sponsorship, often with the goal of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

第四单元讲述 1450 至 1750 年——东西两半球被永久连接起来的时期,以及这一连接所带来的后果。

远航建立在借来的知识之上。来自古典世界、伊斯兰世界与亚洲的学问与技术在欧洲被汇集并加以运用:新工具、船舶设计(ship design)的革新,以及对航海(navigation)的更好理解——卡拉维尔帆船(caravel)、星盘、磁罗盘,以及对风系的认识。

随后是国家支持的海上探索(state-supported maritime exploration):

  • 葡萄牙发展航海技术与导航能力,开辟了绕过非洲通往印度洋的海路。
  • 西班牙资助哥伦布及其后的航行,打开了通往美洲的大西洋航路。
  • 英国、法国与荷兰随后横渡北大西洋。

动机兼有对财富的追求、国家间竞争与宗教使命。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
ship design 船舶设计 chuán bó shè jì
navigation 航海 háng hǎi
caravel 卡拉维尔帆船 kǎ lā wéi ěr fān chuán
State-supported maritime exploration 国家支持的海上探索 guó jiā zhī chí de hǎi shàng tàn suǒ
4.3

哥伦布大交换
大纲

4.3 Columbian Exchange

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

ENV
Humans and the Environments — The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations in turn shape their environments.

Unit 4.D
Explain the causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effects on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

  • KC-4.1.V The new connections between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres resulted in the exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases, known as the Columbian Exchange.
  • KC-4.1.V.A European colonization of the Americas led to the unintentional transfer of disease vectors, including mosquitoes and rats, and the spread of diseases that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere, including smallpox, measles, and malaria. Some of these diseases substantially reduced the indigenous populations, with catastrophic effects in many areas.
  • KC-4.1.V.B American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East.
  • KC-4.1.V.C Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African enslaved persons.
  • KC-4.1.V.D Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefitted nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops.

Illustrative examples:

  • Domesticated animals:
    • Horses
    • Pigs
    • Cattle
  • Foods brought by African enslaved persons:
    • Okra
    • Rice

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

哥伦布大交换的双向流动,以及推动大西洋奴隶贸易的人口后果
交换是双向的,但后果并不对称

两半球之间的新联系产生了哥伦布大交换(Columbian Exchange),CED 明确列出四项后果。

  • 欧洲殖民导致疾病的非蓄意传播(unintentional transfer of disease)进入美洲,造成灾难性的人口损失。
  • 美洲作物(American foods)——玉米、马铃薯、木薯——成为欧洲、亚洲与非洲部分地区的主粮。
  • 欧亚非的果树、谷物、蔗糖与驯化动物(domesticated animals)被带到美洲,重塑了当地的景观与经济。
  • 欧亚非人口因食物种类更丰富而营养状况改善(benefited nutritionally),推动了人口增长。

不对称正是考点所在:同一场交换在欧亚非提高了人口,在美洲却摧毁了人口。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
Columbian Exchange 哥伦布大交换 gē lún bù dà jiāo huàn
unintentional transfer of disease 疾病的非蓄意传播 jí bìng de fēi xù yì chuán bō
American foods 美洲作物 měi zhōu zuò wù
domesticated animals 驯化动物 xùn huà dòng wù
benefited nutritionally 营养状况改善 yíng yǎng zhuàng kuàng gǎi shàn
4.4

海洋帝国的建立
大纲

4.4 Maritime Empires Established

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

ECN
Economics Systems — As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.

Unit 4.E
Explain the process of state building and expansion among various empires and states in the period from 1450 to 1750.

  • KC-4.3.II.A.i Europeans established new trading posts in Africa and Asia, which proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved in new global trade networks. Some Asian states sought to limit the disruptive economic and cultural effects of European-dominated long-distance trade by adopting restrictive or isolationist trade policies.
  • KC-4.3.II.C Driven largely by political, religious, and economic rivalries, European states established new maritime empires, including the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British.
  • KC-4.3.II.A.ii The expansion of maritime trading networks fostered the growth of states in Africa, including the Asante and the Kingdom of the Kongo, whose participation in trading networks led to an increase in their influence.

Unit 4.F
Explain the continuities and changes in economic systems and labor systems from 1450 to 1750. THEMATIC FOCUS Social Interactions and Organization SIO The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

  • KC-4.3.II.A.iii Despite some disruption and restructuring due to the arrival of Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch merchants, existing trade networks in the Indian Ocean continued to flourish and included intra-Asian trade and Asian merchants.
  • KC-4.2.II.D Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on agriculture, utilized existing labor systems, including the Incan mit’a, and introduced new labor systems including chattel slavery, indentured servitude, and encomienda and hacienda systems. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Unit 4.G
Explain changes and continuities in systems of slavery in the period from 1450 to 1750.

  • KC-4.2.II.B Enslavement in Africa continued in its traditional forms, including incorporation of enslaved persons into households and the export of enslaved persons to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean regions.
  • KC-4.2.II.C The growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for enslaved labor in the Americas, leading to significant demographic, social, and cultural changes.

Illustrative examples:

  • Asian states that adopted restrictive or isolationist trade policies:
    • Ming China
    • Tokugawa Japan
  • (CONT’D) Indian Ocean Asian merchants:
    • Swahili Arabs
    • Omanis
    • Gujaratis
    • Javanese

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

欧洲人在非洲与亚洲设立商站(trading posts),获利丰厚;在美洲则由政治、宗教与经济上的对抗(rivalries)推动而推行殖民。

在既有国家强大的地方,欧洲人从事贸易而非征服:尽管葡萄牙人的到来造成了一些扰动,印度洋既有贸易网络得以延续(existing trade networks in the Indian Ocean continued),交易条件在很大程度上由亚洲国家决定。

美洲的模式则不同。殖民地经济依赖农业与强制劳动(coerced labour):

  • 非洲的奴役以其传统形式延续,包括被吸纳进家户之中。
  • 种植园经济(plantation economy)的成长增加了对被奴役劳动力的需求,大西洋奴隶贸易为供应这一需求而急剧扩张。
  • 委托监护制与米塔制(mita)等制度强征原住民劳动。
词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
trading posts 商站 shāng zhàn
rivalries 对抗 duì kàng
existing trade networks in the Indian Ocean continued 印度洋既有贸易网络得以延续 yìn dù yáng jì yǒu mào yì wǎng luò dé yǐ yán xù
coerced labour 强制劳动 qiáng zhì láo dòng
plantation economy 种植园经济 zhòng zhí yuán jīng jì
mita 米塔制 mǐ tǎ zhì
4.5 4.7

海洋帝国的维持与发展
大纲

4.5 Maritime Empires Maintained and Developed

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

CDI
Cultural Developments and Interactions — The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.

Unit 4.H
Explain how rulers employed economic strategies to consolidate and maintain power throughout the period from 1450 to 1750.

  • KC-4.1.IV.C Mercantilist policies and practices were used by European rulers to expand and control their economies and claim overseas territories. Joint-stock companies, influenced by these mercantilist principles, were used by rulers and merchants to finance exploration and were used by rulers to compete against one another in global trade.
  • KC-4.3.III.ii Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.

Unit 4.I
Explain the continuities and changes in networks of exchange from 1450 to 1750. THEMATIC FOCUS Social Interactions and Organization SIO The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

  • KC-4.1.IV.D.i The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of goods, wealth, and labor, including enslaved persons.
  • KC-4.1.IV The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by chartered European monopoly companies and the global flow of silver, especially from Spanish colonies in the Americas, which was used to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets and satisfy Chinese demand for silver. Regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic and regional shipping services developed by European merchants.
  • KC-4.2.II.A Peasant and artisan labor continued and intensified in many regions as the demand for food and consumer goods increased. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Unit 4.J
Explain how political, economic, and cultural factors affected society from 1450 to 1750.

  • KC-4.2.III.C Some notable gender and family restructuring occurred, including demographic changes in Africa that resulted from the trade of enslaved persons.
  • KC-4.1.IV.D.ii The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of labor—including enslaved persons and the mixing of African, American, and European cultures and peoples, with all parties contributing to this cultural synthesis.

Unit 4.K
Explain the similarities and differences in how various belief systems affected societies from 1450 to 1750.

  • KC-4.1.VI In some cases, the increase and intensification of interactions between newly connected hemispheres expanded the reach and furthered development of existing religions, and contributed to religious conflicts and the development of syncretic belief systems and practices.

Illustrative examples:

  • Competition over trade routes:
    • Muslim–European rivalry in the Indian Ocean
    • Moroccan conflict with the Songhai Empire
  • (CONT’D) Increased peasant and artisan labor:
    • Western Europe— wool and linen
    • India—cotton
    • China—silk

4.7 Changing Social Hierarchies from1450 to 1750

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

SIO
Social Interactions and Organization — The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization.

Unit 4.M
Explain how social categories, roles, and practices have been maintained or have changed over time.

  • KC-4.3.I.B Many states, such as the Mughal and Ottoman empires, adopted practices to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects or to utilize the economic, political, and military contributions of different ethnic or religious groups. In other cases, states suppressed diversity or limited certain groups’ roles in society, politics, or the economy.
  • KC-4.2.III.A Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites, including in China with the transition to the Qing Dynasty and in the Americas with the rise of the Casta system.
  • KC-4.2.III.B The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as the elites confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders.

Illustrative examples:

  • Differential treatment of groups in society, politics, and the economy:
    • Expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal; the acceptance of Jews in the Ottoman Empire
    • Restrictive policies against Han Chinese in Qing China
    • Varying status of different classes of women within the Ottoman Empire
  • Existing elites:
    • Ottoman timars
    • Russian boyars
    • European nobility

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

欧洲统治者以重商主义(mercantilist)政策扩张并控制本国经济:殖民地的存在是为了提供原料并购买制成品,贸易须经由母国进行。

大西洋贸易体系(Atlantic trading system)在欧洲、非洲与美洲之间转移货物、财富与人口——通常以"三角贸易"来讲授,但实际航线更为复杂。

经济纠纷导致国家之间的对抗与冲突,商业竞争成为欧洲战争的长期根源。

殖民地社会形成了新的社会等级(social hierarchies),以血统与出生地界定——其中西班牙的卡斯塔(casta)制度成文化程度最高。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
Mercantilist 重商主义 zhòng shāng zhǔ yì
Atlantic trading system 大西洋贸易体系 dà xī yáng mào yì tǐ xì
social hierarchies 社会等级 shè huì děng jí
4.6

1450年至1750年国家权力面临的内外挑战
大纲

4.6 Internal and External Challenges to State Power from 1450 to 1750

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

GOV
Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

Unit 4.L
Explain the effects of the development of state power from 1450 to 1750.

  • KC-4.3.III.iii State expansion and centralization led to resistance from an array of social, political, and economic groups on a local level.
  • KC-5.3.III.C Enslaved persons challenged existing authorities in the Americas through organized resistance.

Illustrative examples:

  • Local resistance:
    • Pueblo Revolts
    • Fronde
    • Cossack revolts
    • Maratha conflict with Mughals
    • Ana Nzinga’s resistance (as ruler of Ndongo and Matamba)
    • Metacom’s War (King Philip’s War)
  • Resistance of enslaved persons:
    • The establishment of Maroon societies in the Caribbean and Brazil
    • Resistance of enslaved persons in North America

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

各地统治者都面临抵抗。被奴役者以起义(rebellion)与逃奴社群(maroon communities)反抗;原住民抵制殖民索求;欧亚各地的农民与宗教群体也挑战国家权力。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
rebellion 起义 qǐ yì
maroon communities 逃奴社群 táo nú shè qún
4.8

1450年至1750年的延续与变化
大纲

4.8 Continuity and Change from 1450 to 1750

Learning ObjectiveReview: Unit 4 Key Concepts

Unit 4.N
Explain how economic developments from 1450 to 1750 affected social structures over time.

  • KC-4.1 The interconnection of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, made possible by transoceanic voyaging, transformed trade and had a significant social impact on the world.
    • KC-4.1.II Knowledge, scientific learning, and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spread, facilitating European technological developments and innovation.
    • KC-4.1.II.A The developments included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of regional wind and currents patterns—all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible.
  • KC-4.2 Although the world’s productive systems continued to be heavily centered on agriculture, major changes occurred in agricultural labor, the systems and locations of manufacturing, gender and social structures, and environmental processes.
    • KC-4.2.II The demand for labor intensified as a result of the growing global demand for raw materials and finished products. Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed in nature, plantations expanded, and the Atlantic slave trade developed and intensified.
  • KC-4.3 Empires achieved increased scope and influence around the world, shaping and being shaped by the diverse populations they incorporated.
    • KC-4.3.III.ii Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

本单元考查的推理能力是延续与变化。最好的答案会兼顾两者:两半球之间的连接确实是全新的,而农业、强制劳动与陆基帝国的主导地位则延续了下来。

**Worked example(一道真实的 AP 考题)。*本单元的 AP 世界历史简答题会要求,例如「解释哥伦布大交换对美洲的一项影响」以及「……对欧亚非的一项影响」。满分的两问会各自写出影响与机制:「在美洲,天花等传入疾病造成人口锐减,由此产生的劳动力短缺被欧洲殖民者以扩大大西洋奴隶贸易来填补。在欧亚非,马铃薯与玉米等美洲作物改善了营养状况,推动了人口增长。」*注意其结构:影响类题目要求追溯后果,而两问的答案不能是同一个内容写两遍。

4.8

考试技巧
  • 用借来的技术加上国家支持来解释远航,而不要围绕个别探险家展开。
  • 把哥伦布大交换讲成双向且不对称的:美洲人口下降,欧亚非人口上升。
  • 亚洲国家强大之处,欧洲人从事贸易;疾病摧毁了当地社会之处,他们进行征服。这一对比能回答很多题目。
  • 重商主义是政策,大西洋体系是流动,而强制劳动才是种植园经济得以运转的原因。
  • 一定要写上抵抗——起义、逃奴社群、原住民的拒绝——这在考查范围内,却常被遗漏。
  • 回答影响题时要追溯后果。只点出变化而不给机制,只能得一半分。

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