Resistance to State Power · 对国家权力的抵抗
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Maroon societies/məˈruːn səˈsaɪətiz/ | 逃奴社群 | táo nú shè qún |
Centralisation produced resistance
- State expansion and centralisation led to resistance from an array of social, political and economic groups on a local level.
- The CED's phrase on a local level is the key: resistance came from communities the state was reaching into.
- So resistance is the predictable other half of unit 3's consolidation story, not a separate topic.
中央集权带来了抵抗
- 国家的扩张与中央集权,引发了社会、政治与经济各类群体在地方层面的抵抗。
- CED 的措辞"在地方层面"是关键:抵抗来自国家正在伸手进入的那些社群。
- 因此抵抗是第三单元集权故事可预期的另一半,不是一个单独的话题。
The CED says resistance came from groups at what level? · CED称抵抗来自哪个层面的群体？
Resistance came from communities the state was reaching into. · 抵抗来自国家权力触及的社区。
Six named revolts, four continents
- The CED lists the Pueblo Revolts, the Fronde, Cossack revolts, Maratha conflict with the Mughals, Ana Nzinga's resistance as ruler of Ndongo and Matamba, and Metacom's War.
- They span the Americas, Europe, Eurasia, South Asia and Africa.
- The point is not the list — it is that centralising states everywhere met the same reaction.
六场被点名的反抗,四个大洲
- CED 列出了普韦布洛起义、投石党运动、哥萨克起义、马拉塔与莫卧儿的冲突、作为恩东戈与马塔姆巴统治者的恩津加的抵抗,以及梅塔科姆战争。
- 它们横跨美洲、欧洲、欧亚、南亚与非洲。
- 要点不在这份清单——而在于各地实行中央集权的国家,遇到的是同一种反应。
Select all · 所有 the resistances the CED names. · 选中CED提到的所有抵抗事件。
The Boxer Rebellion is 1900 — unit 6 territory. · 义和团运动发生于1900年——属于单元6内容。
Enslaved people organised
- Enslaved persons challenged existing authorities in the Americas through organised resistance.
- The CED names the establishment of Maroon societies 逃奴社群 in the Caribbean and Brazil, and resistance in North America.
- Organised is doing work: a Maroon society is a durable political community, not a single escape.
被奴役者组织起来
- 被奴役者通过有组织的抵抗,挑战了美洲的既有权威。
- CED 点名了加勒比与巴西逃奴社群(Maroon societies)的建立,以及北美的抵抗。
- "有组织的"这个词在起作用:逃奴社群是一个持久的政治共同体,而不是一次单独的逃亡。
Who is resisting, and what? · 谁在抵抗？抵抗什么？
Sort each case by the kind of group that resisted. · 根据抵抗群体的类型对每个案例进行排序。
Every revolt in this subtopic was a popular uprising from below. · 本子主题中的所有叛乱均为自下而上的民众起义。
The Fronde was nobles; the Maratha conflict was one state against another. · 投石党运动是贵族所为；马拉塔冲突是一个国家对另一个国家。
Not all resistance came from below. The Fronde was nobles resisting a centralising crown; the Maratha conflict was one state against another. An answer that treats every revolt as a popular uprising has flattened the CED's own phrase, an array of social, political and economic groups.
**并非所有抵抗都来自下层。**投石党运动是贵族在抵抗一个走向集权的王室;马拉塔的冲突是一个国家对另一个国家。把每一次反抗都当作民众起义的答案,把 CED 自己的措辞——社会、政治与经济各类群体——压平了。
The CED's word for enslaved persons' resistance in the Americas is . · CED关于美洲被奴役者抵抗的术语是。
A Maroon society is a durable political community, not a single escape. · 马龙人社会是一种持久的政治共同体，而非单纯的逃亡。
Resistance is evidence about the state
- Where a state faced revolt tells you where its reach was newest and least accepted.
- The Fronde is nobles resisting a centralising monarchy; the Pueblo Revolts are a colonised people resisting a religious and labour regime.
- Same category, different content — so an answer must say who resisted and what the state was doing to them.
抵抗是关于国家的证据
- 一个国家在哪里遭遇反抗,会告诉你它的触角在哪里最新、也最不被接受。
- 投石党运动是贵族在抵抗一个走向集权的君主制;普韦布洛起义是被殖民民族在抵抗一套宗教与劳役体制。
- 同一类别,不同内容——因此答案必须说出谁在抵抗,以及国家正在对他们做什么。
Match each consolidation method to the resistance it could produce. · 将每种巩固手段与其可能引发的抵抗相匹配。
Each pair is a complete argument about the effects of state power. · 每一组配对都是关于国家权力影响的完整论述。
The effects of state power
- The objective is the effects of the development of state power, and resistance is one of them.
- A good answer pairs a consolidation method from 3.2 with the resistance it produced.
- Tax farming and revolt, forced labour and flight, religious imposition and rebellion — each pair is a complete argument.
国家权力的后果
- 这一目标是国家权力发展的后果,而抵抗是其中之一。
- 好的答案会把 3.2 中的一种巩固方法,与它所引发的抵抗配成一对。
- 包税与反抗、强制劳动与逃亡、宗教强加与叛乱——每一对都是一个完整的论证。
A Maroon society in the Brazilian interior elects leaders, farms, defends its territory and negotiates with the colonial state. That is the CED's word organised doing its work: resistance that lasts long enough to have a politics is a different historical fact from an individual escape.
巴西内陆的一个逃奴社群推举首领、耕种、保卫自己的领地,并与殖民国家谈判。这就是 CED 那个词"有组织的"在起作用:一场持续到足以拥有自身政治的抵抗,与一次个人逃亡是不同的历史事实。
State expansion and centralisation led to resistance from an array of social, political and economic groups on a local level — Pueblo Revolts, the Fronde, Cossack revolts, Maratha–Mughal conflict, Ana Nzinga, Metacom's War. Enslaved persons challenged authorities through organised resistance, including Maroon societies. Pair a consolidation method with the resistance it produced.
国家的扩张与中央集权,引发了社会、政治与经济各类群体在地方层面的抵抗——普韦布洛起义、投石党运动、哥萨克起义、马拉塔-莫卧儿冲突、恩津加、梅塔科姆战争。被奴役者通过有组织的抵抗挑战权威,包括逃奴社群。要把一种巩固方法与它所引发的抵抗配成一对。