Diversity, Elites and Social Categories · 多样性、精英与社会类别
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| in the Americas with the rise of the Casta system | 卡斯塔制 | kǎ sī tǎ zhì |
Accommodation or suppression
- Many states, such as the Mughal and Ottoman empires, adopted practices to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects or to utilise the economic, political and military contributions of different ethnic or religious groups.
- In other cases, states suppressed diversity or limited certain groups' roles in society, politics or the economy.
- The CED gives both options in one breath, so the exam expects you to choose a case and say which.
容纳,还是压制
- 许多国家,如莫卧儿与奥斯曼帝国,采取各种做法来容纳其臣民的族群与宗教多样性,或利用不同族群或宗教群体在经济、政治与军事上的贡献。
- 在另一些情况下,国家压制多样性,或限制某些群体在社会、政治或经济中的角色。
- CED 一口气给出了两种选项,因此考试期待你选定一个案例并说出是哪一种。
Select all · 所有 the options the CED gives states facing diversity. · 选中CED给予面临多样性的国家的所有选项。
The exam expects you to choose a case and say which option it shows. · 考试要求你选择一个案例并说明其体现了哪项选项。
Two states, opposite decisions
- The CED's sharpest pairing: the expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal; the acceptance of Jews in the Ottoman Empire.
- Same population, same decade, opposite policies — which makes it a controlled comparison.
- Its other examples: restrictive policies against Han Chinese in Qing China, and the varying status of different classes of women within the Ottoman Empire.
两个国家,相反的决定
- CED 最鲜明的一组配对:犹太人被逐出西班牙与葡萄牙;犹太人被奥斯曼帝国接纳。
- 同一群体、同一年代、相反的政策——这使它成为一次受控的比较。
- 它的其他例子:清代中国针对汉人的限制性政策,以及奥斯曼帝国内部不同阶层女性地位的差异。
The expulsion of Jews from Iberia beside their acceptance in the Ottoman Empire is useful because... · 伊比利亚驱逐犹太人与奥斯曼接纳犹太人这一对比很有用，因为……
Each state was calculating what diversity was worth to it. · 每个国家都在权衡多样性对其自身的价值。
New elites appeared
- Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites, including in China with the transition to the Qing Dynasty and in the Americas with the rise of the Casta system 卡斯塔制.
- The Casta system ranked people by ancestry and assigned legal and economic position accordingly.
- So a new elite is not only a new group at the top — it is a new rule for who may be at the top.
新的精英出现了
- 帝国征服与不断扩大的全球经济机会,促成了新的政治与经济精英的形成,包括中国向清朝的过渡,以及美洲卡斯塔制(Casta system)的兴起。
- 卡斯塔制按血统给人排序,并据此分配法律与经济地位。
- 因此新精英不只是顶层出现了一个新群体——它是关于"谁可以在顶层"的一条新规则。
Accommodation, suppression, or a new elite? · 包容、镇压，还是形成新精英？
Sort each policy or development. · 对每项政策或发展进行排序。
The ____ system ranked people by ancestry and assigned position accordingly. · ____制度按血统等级排列人们并据此分配地位。
A new elite is a new rule · 规则 for who may be at the top. · 新精英意味着关于谁能居于顶层的新规则。
Existing elites fluctuated, not simply declined. The CED's verb is fluctuated — some nobles lost influence to a centralising crown, and others gained by attaching themselves to it. An answer describing a uniform decline of aristocracies has replaced the CED's word with a simpler one.
**既有精英是起伏不定,而不是简单地衰落。**CED 用的动词是"起伏不定"——有些贵族在集权王室面前失去了影响力,另一些则通过依附王室而获益。描述贵族一律衰落的答案,把 CED 的用词换成了一个更简单的词。
The CED says the power of existing elites... · CED指出既有精英的权力……
Some gained by attaching themselves to the crown. · 部分精英通过与王室结盟而获益。
Old elites went up and down
- The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as the elites confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders.
- The CED's examples of existing elites: Ottoman timars, Russian boyars, European nobility.
- Fluctuated is the operative word — not simply declined, since some elites gained by attaching themselves to the crown.
旧精英起起落落
- 既有政治与经济精英的权力起伏不定,因为他们面临新的挑战,难以再影响日益强大的君主与领袖的政策。
- CED 所举的既有精英例子:奥斯曼的蒂玛尔、俄国的波雅尔、欧洲贵族。
- 起伏不定是关键词——不是简单地衰落,因为有些精英通过依附王室而获益。
Select all · 所有 the existing elites the CED names. · 选中CED提到的所有既有精英。
The Casta system is a new · 新的 elite formation. · 种姓制度是一项新的精英形成方式。
Maintained or changed
- The objective asks how social categories, roles and practices have been maintained or have changed.
- So every case needs a verdict: was this continuity or change, and for whom?
- The Casta system is new; the Ottoman timar is an old category under new pressure — different answers to the same question.
被维持,还是被改变
- 这一目标问的是社会范畴、角色与实践如何被维持或发生了变化。
- 因此每个案例都需要一个判定:这是延续还是变化,而且对谁而言?
- 卡斯塔制是新的;奥斯曼的蒂玛尔是承受新压力的旧范畴——对同一个问题的不同回答。
Jews expelled from Spain and Portugal are accepted in the Ottoman Empire, where their commercial skills are treated as a contribution to be utilised. Same people, same years, opposite policies — and each state was making a calculation about what diversity was worth to it, which is exactly the choice the CED sets out.
被逐出西班牙与葡萄牙的犹太人,在奥斯曼帝国被接纳,他们的商业才能在那里被视为一种可加利用的贡献。同样的人群、同样的年份、相反的政策——而每个国家都在盘算多样性对自己价值几何,这正是 CED 所列出的那个选择。
States either accommodated diversity or utilised different groups' contributions, or suppressed diversity and limited certain groups' roles. New elites formed — the Qing transition, the Casta system. Existing elites' power fluctuated — Ottoman timars, Russian boyars, European nobility — as monarchs grew stronger. Every case needs a verdict: maintained or changed?
国家要么容纳多样性、利用不同群体的贡献,要么压制多样性、限制某些群体的角色。新精英形成——清朝的过渡、卡斯塔制。既有精英的权力起伏不定——奥斯曼蒂玛尔、俄国波雅尔、欧洲贵族——因为君主日益强大。每个案例都需要一个判定:被维持还是被改变?