Maritime Empires Established · 海洋帝国的建立
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on agriculture, utilised existing labour systems, including the Incan mit'a, and introduced new labour systems including chattel slavery | 动产奴隶制 | dòng chǎn nú lì zhì |
| indentured servitude/ˌɪnˈdentʃəd ˈsɜːvɪtjuːd/ | 契约劳工 | qì yuē láo gōng |
Trading posts, and states that resisted them
- Europeans established new trading posts in Africa and Asia, which proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved in new global trade networks.
- Some Asian states sought to limit the disruptive economic and cultural effects of European-dominated long-distance trade by adopting restrictive or isolationist trade policies — Ming China and Tokugawa Japan.
- So restriction is a policy choice with a stated reason, not an absence of policy.
商站,以及抵制它们的国家
- 欧洲人在非洲与亚洲建立了新的商站,这对参与新全球贸易网络的统治者与商人来说是有利可图的。
- 一些亚洲国家通过采取限制性或闭关性的贸易政策,来限制欧洲主导之长途贸易的破坏性经济与文化影响——明代中国与德川日本。
- 因此限制是一项有明确理由的政策选择,不是政策的缺席。
Select all · 所有 the states the CED names as adopting restrictive or isolationist trade policies. · 选中CED列为实行限制性或孤立主义贸易政策的所有国家。
Asante and Kongo grew by participating in the networks. · 阿散蒂与刚果通过参与网络而扩张。
Rivalry drove the empires
- Driven largely by political, religious and economic rivalries, European states established new maritime empires, including the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French and British.
- The CED's causes are the same three that drove land-empire rivalries in 3.1.
- So the difference between land and maritime empires is the method, not the motive.
竞争推动了这些帝国
- 主要由政治、宗教与经济上的竞争所推动,欧洲国家建立了新的海上帝国,包括葡萄牙、西班牙、荷兰、法国与英国的帝国。
- CED 所列原因,与 3.1 中推动陆上帝国对立的三项相同。
- 因此陆上帝国与海上帝国的差别在于方法,不在于动机。
Select all · 所有 the rivalries the CED says drove maritime empires. · 选中CED指出的推动海洋帝国竞争的所有对立关系。
The same three that drove land-empire rivalries in 3.1. · 即3.1中推动陆权帝国竞争的同样三大因素。
African states grew on the same networks
- The expansion of maritime trading networks fostered the growth of states in Africa, including the Asante and the Kingdom of the Kongo, whose participation in trading networks led to an increase in their influence.
- This is unit 2's sentence — networks foster states — applied to the Atlantic.
- African polities are participants with their own interests here, which is the point of the CED including them.
非洲国家在同样的网络上成长
- 海上贸易网络的扩张促进了非洲国家的成长,包括阿散蒂与刚果王国,它们对贸易网络的参与提升了自身的影响力。
- 这就是第二单元那句话——网络促成国家——被用在大西洋上。
- 非洲政体在这里是有自身利益的参与者,而这正是 CED 把它们纳入的用意。
Which response to the new networks is this? · 这是对新兴网络的何种回应？
Sort each state or system by what it did. · 根据各国家或系统的行为对其进行排序。
European merchants replaced Asian merchants in the Indian Ocean. · 欧洲商人在印度洋取代了亚洲商人。
Existing networks continued to flourish and included Asian merchants. · 既有网络继续繁荣并包含亚洲商人。
European arrival restructured Indian Ocean trade; it did not replace it. The CED says existing networks continued to flourish and included intra-Asian trade and Asian merchants — Swahili Arabs, Omanis, Gujaratis, Javanese. An answer in which Europeans take over Asian commerce contradicts the sentence it is meant to be using.
欧洲人的到来重组了印度洋贸易;它并没有取代它。CED 说既有网络继续繁荣,并包括亚洲内部贸易与亚洲商人——斯瓦希里阿拉伯人、阿曼人、古吉拉特人、爪哇人。一个欧洲人接管亚洲商业的答案,与它本该引用的那句话相矛盾。
Select all · 所有 the new labour systems the CED names in the Americas. · 选中CED在美洲提到的所有新劳动制度。
The mit'a is an existing system that colonial economies reused. · 米塔制是一项既有的制度，被殖民经济所沿用。
Asian trade did not stop
- Despite some disruption and restructuring due to the arrival of Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch merchants, existing trade networks in the Indian Ocean continued to flourish and included intra-Asian trade and Asian merchants.
- The CED names Swahili Arabs, Omanis, Gujaratis and Javanese.
- So European arrival is a restructuring of an existing system, not a replacement of it.
亚洲贸易并未停止
- 尽管葡萄牙、西班牙与荷兰商人的到来带来了一些扰动与重组,印度洋既有的贸易网络仍继续繁荣,其中包括亚洲内部贸易与亚洲商人。
- CED 点名了斯瓦希里阿拉伯人、阿曼人、古吉拉特人与爪哇人。
- 因此欧洲人的到来是对既有体系的重组,而不是取代。
The growth of the ____ economy increased demand for enslaved labour in the Americas. · ____经济的发展增加了对美洲奴隶劳动力的需求。
Leading to significant demographic, social and cultural changes. · 导致显著的人口、社会和文化变革。
Labour systems: old, borrowed and new
- Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on agriculture, utilised existing labour systems, including the Incan mit'a, and introduced new labour systems including chattel slavery 动产奴隶制, indentured servitude 契约劳工 and encomienda and hacienda systems.
- Meanwhile enslavement in Africa continued in its traditional forms, including household incorporation and export to the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean.
- And the growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for enslaved labour in the Americas, leading to significant demographic, social and cultural changes.
劳动制度:旧的、借来的与新的
- 美洲新建立的殖民地经济主要依赖农业,沿用了既有的劳动制度(包括印加的米塔制),并引入了新的劳动制度,包括动产奴隶制(chattel slavery)、契约劳工(indentured servitude)以及监护征赋制与大庄园制。
- 与此同时,非洲的奴役以其传统形式延续,包括纳入家户以及向地中海与印度洋地区输出。
- 而且种植园经济的增长提高了美洲对被奴役劳动的需求,带来了重大的人口、社会与文化变化。
Ming China and Tokugawa Japan restrict trade for a stated reason: to limit the disruptive economic and cultural effects of a European-dominated network. That is a state deciding what it is willing to be connected to — the same calculation the Asante and Kongo made in the other direction by joining.
明代中国与德川日本出于一个明确的理由限制贸易:限制欧洲主导之网络所带来的破坏性经济与文化影响。这是一个国家在决定自己愿意与什么相连——与阿散蒂和刚果通过加入而在另一个方向上所作的,是同一种权衡。
European trading posts proved profitable, while Ming China and Tokugawa Japan restricted trade to limit disruption. Political, religious and economic rivalries drove new maritime empires. Networks fostered African states (Asante, Kongo). Indian Ocean trade continued to flourish with Asian merchants. American colonies used existing labour systems (mit'a) and new ones — chattel slavery, indentured servitude, encomienda and hacienda.
欧洲商站被证明有利可图,而明代中国与德川日本限制贸易以减少扰动。政治、宗教与经济上的竞争推动了新的海上帝国。网络促成了非洲国家(阿散蒂、刚果)。印度洋贸易在亚洲商人参与下继续繁荣。美洲殖民地既沿用既有劳动制度(米塔制),也引入新的——动产奴隶制、契约奴役、监护征赋制与大庄园制。