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冷战与非殖民化

AP 世界历史 · 第 8 主题

训练
讲义 词汇表
8.1

冷战与非殖民化的背景铺垫
大纲

8.1 Setting the Stage for the Cold War and Decolonization

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

GOV
Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

Unit 8.A
Explain the historical context of the Cold War after 1945.

  • KC-6.2.II Hopes for greater self-government were largely unfulfilled following World War I; however, in the years following World War II, increasing anti-imperialist sentiment contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states.
  • KC-6.2.IV.C.i Technological and economic gains experienced during World War II by the victorious nations shifted the global balance of power.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

第八单元讲述 1945 年以后的时期,其中有两个进程同时展开:一场全球意识形态对立,以及帝国的终结。本单元多数题目都取决于这两者如何相互作用。

一战之后,自治的期望在很大程度上并未实现。二战之后的岁月里,被殖民地区的反帝情绪(anti-imperialist sentiment)日益高涨并积聚力量,而这一次它带来的是独立,而不是承诺。

与此同时,战胜国在二战期间取得的技术与经济收益(technological and economic gains)改变了全球权力平衡(global balance of power)。这正是 CED 所要求的历史情境:战争不只是破坏,它还重新分配了国家能力。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
increasing anti-imperialist sentiment 反帝情绪 fǎn dì qíng xù
technological and economic gains 技术与经济收益 jì shù yǔ jīng jì shōu yì
shifted the global balance of power 全球权力平衡 quán qiú quán lì píng héng
rapidly evolved into the Cold War 冷战 lěng zhàn
8.2

冷战
大纲

8.2 The Cold War

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

CDI
Cultural Developments and Interactions — The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.

Unit 8.B
Explain the causes and effects of the ideological struggle of the Cold War.

  • KC-6.2.IV.C.ii The global balance of economic and political power shifted during and after World War II and rapidly evolved into the Cold War. The democracy of the United States and the authoritarian communist Soviet Union emerged as superpowers, which led to ideological conflict and a power struggle between capitalism and communism across the globe.
  • KC-6.2.V.B Groups and individuals, including the Non-Aligned Movement, opposed and promoted alternatives to the existing economic, political, and social orders.

Illustrative examples:

  • Non-Aligned Movement:
    • Sukarno in Indonesia
    • Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

改变了的权力平衡迅速演变为冷战(Cold War)——以美国为首的民主国家与以苏联为首的共产主义国家之间的对立,其展开形式是意识形态斗争(ideological struggle),而非两大主角之间的直接战争。

CED 强调,这并不是一个只有两个选项的世界。各种团体与个人——包括不结盟运动(Non-Aligned Movement)——反对既有的经济、政治与社会秩序并提出了替代方案。把不结盟国家排除在答案之外,描绘的是一个并不存在的双极世界。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
ideological struggle 意识形态斗争 yì shí xíng tài dòu zhēng
Non-Aligned Movement 不结盟运动 bù jié méng yùn dòng
8.3

冷战的影响
大纲

8.3 Effects of the Cold War

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

GOV
Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

Unit 8.C
Compare the ways in which the United States and the Soviet Union sought to maintain influence over the course of the Cold War.

  • KC-6.2.IV.D The Cold War produced new military alliances, including NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and led to nuclear proliferation and proxy wars between and within postcolonial states in Latin America, Africa, and Asia.

Illustrative examples:

  • Proxy wars:
    • Korean War
    • Angolan Civil War
    • Sandinista-Contras conflict in Nicaragua

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

这一对立产生了具体的制度与冲突:

  • 新的军事同盟(new military alliances)——北约(NATO)与华沙条约组织(Warsaw Pact)。
  • 核扩散(nuclear proliferation)——核武器向更多国家扩散。
  • 国家之间与国家内部的代理人战争(proxy wars):两大阵营在别处的冲突中支持对立各方,而不彼此直接交战。

本节所设定的比较是:两个超级大国各自如何维持对其他国家的影响力——通过同盟、援助、军事支持与干预。两者四种手段都用过,这正是比较题在两个方向上都可作答的原因。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
New military alliances 军事同盟 jūn shì tóng méng
NATO 北约 běi yuē
Warsaw Pact 华沙条约组织 huá shā tiáo yuē zǔ zhī
Nuclear proliferation 核扩散 hé kuò sàn
Proxy wars 代理人战争 dài lǐ rén zhàn zhēng
8.4

1900年后共产主义的传播
大纲

8.4 Spread of Communism After 1900

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

ECN
Economics Systems — As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.

Unit 8.D
Explain the causes and consequences of China’s adoption of communism. THEMATIC FOCUS Social Interactions and Organization SIO The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

  • KC-6.2.I.i As a result of internal tension and Japanese aggression, Chinese communists seized power. These changes in China eventually led to communist revolution.
  • KC-6.3.I.A.ii In communist China, the government controlled the national economy through the Great Leap Forward, often implementing repressive policies, with negative repercussions for the population. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Unit 8.E
Explain the causes and effects of movements to redistribute economic resources.

  • KC-6.2.II.D.i Movements to redistribute land and resources developed within states in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, sometimes advocating communism or socialism.

Illustrative examples:

  • Land and resource redistribution:
    • Communist Revolution for Vietnamese independence
    • Mengistu Haile Mariam in Ethiopia
    • Land reform in Kerala and other states within India
    • White Revolution in Iran

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

这里有两条可考的线索。第一条是中国:由于内部矛盾(internal tension)与日本侵略(Japanese aggression),中国共产党人夺取了政权,CED 指出这最终也促成了其他地方的共产主义革命。

第二条是国家对经济的控制。如同第七单元中苏联的五年计划,中国政府通过大跃进(Great Leap Forward)控制国民经济,推行压制性政策并造成重大的人口代价。CED 把两者作为一组对照案例呈现,而比较题正会以这种方式来问。

除此之外,非洲、亚洲与拉丁美洲各国内部还兴起了土地与资源再分配(redistribute land and resources)的运动,其中一些主张共产主义或社会主义,另一些则不然。这一区分很重要:土地改革与革命并非同一主张,CED 把两者分开处理。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
internal tension 内部矛盾 nèi bù máo dùn
Japanese aggression 日本侵略 rì běn qīn lüè
Great Leap Forward 大跃进 dà yuè jìn
movements to redistribute land and resources 土地与资源再分配 tǔ dì yǔ zī yuán zài fēn pèi
8.5

1900年后的非殖民化
大纲

8.5 Decolonization After 1900

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

GOV
Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

Unit 8.F
Compare the processes by which various peoples pursued independence after 1900.

  • KC-6.2.II.A Nationalist leaders and parties in Asia and Africa sought varying degrees of autonomy within or independence from imperial rule.
  • KC-6.2.I.C After the end of World War II, some colonies negotiated their independence, while others achieved independence through armed struggle.
  • KC-6.2.II.B Regional, religious, and ethnic movements challenged colonial rule and inherited imperial boundaries. Some of these movements advocated for autonomy.

Illustrative examples:

  • Nationalist leaders and parties:
    • Indian National Congress
    • Ho Chi Minh in French Indochina (Vietnam)
    • Kwame Nkrumah in British Gold Coast (Ghana)
    • Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt
  • Negotiated independence:
    • India from the British Empire
    • The Gold Coast from the British Empire
    • French West Africa
  • Independence through armed struggle:
    • Algeria from the French empire
    • Angola from the Portuguese empire
    • Vietnam from the French empire
  • Regional, religious, and ethnic movements:
    • Muslim League in British India
    • Québécois separatist movement in Canada
    • Biafra secessionist movement in Nigeria

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

CED 自身的区分:一个殖民地如何走向独立,决定了新国家继承了什么
两条路径都通向一个新国家——但通向的不是同一个新国家

亚洲与非洲的民族主义领袖与政党(nationalist leaders and parties)寻求在帝国统治之内取得不同程度的自治,或寻求彻底独立。可考的例证包括印度国民大会党、法属印度支那的胡志明、黄金海岸的克瓦米·恩克鲁玛,以及埃及的贾迈勒·阿卜杜勒·纳赛尔。

二战之后,一些殖民地通过谈判取得独立(negotiated their independence),另一些则通过武装斗争(armed struggle)实现独立。印度与黄金海岸是标准的谈判案例;安哥拉、越南与阿尔及利亚则是标准的武装案例。

第三条线索容易被遗漏:地区性、宗教性与族群性运动既挑战殖民统治,也挑战帝国留下的沿袭的帝国边界(inherited imperial boundaries)。这些边界正是许多独立后冲突围绕国界而非围绕撤离国展开的原因。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
Nationalist leaders and parties 民族主义领袖与政党 mín zú zhǔ yì lǐng xiù yǔ zhèng dǎng
some colonies negotiated their independence 通过谈判独立 tōng guò tán pàn dú lì
others achieved it through armed struggle 通过武装斗争 tōng guò wǔ zhuāng dòu zhēng
inherited imperial boundaries 沿袭的帝国边界 yán xí de dì guó biān jiè
8.6

新独立国家
大纲

8.6 Newly Independent States

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

ECN
Economics Systems — As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.

Unit 8.G
Explain how political changes in the period from c. 1900 to the present led to territorial, demographic, and nationalist developments.

  • KC-6.2.III.A.i The redrawing of political boundaries after the withdrawal of former colonial authorities led to the creation of new states.
  • KC-6.2.III.A.ii The redrawing of political boundaries in some cases led to conflict as well as population displacement and/or resettlements, including those related to the Partition of India and the creation of the state of Israel.

Unit 8.H
Explain the economic changes and continuities resulting from the process of decolonization.

  • KC-6.3.I.C In newly independent states after World War II, governments often took on a strong role in guiding economic life to promote development.
  • KC-6.2.III.B The migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles (the former colonizing country), usually in the major cities, maintained cultural and economic ties between the colony and the metropole even after the dissolution of empires.

Illustrative examples:

  • States created by redrawing of political boundaries:
    • Israel
    • Cambodia
    • Pakistan
  • (CONT’D) Governments guiding economic life:
    • Gamal Abdel Nasser’s promotion of economic development in Egypt
    • Indira Gandhi's economic policies in India
    • Julius Nyerere’s modernization in Tanzania
    • Sirimavo Bandaranaike’s economic policies in Sri Lanka
  • Migrations:
    • South Asians to Britain
    • Algerians to France
    • Filipinos to the United States

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

殖民当局撤出后政治边界的重新划定导致新国家的诞生,某些情况下还导致冲突、人口流离与重新安置(conflict, population displacement, and resettlement)。英属印度的分治是三者同时发生的标准案例。

在经济上,新独立国家的政府往往主导经济生活以推动发展(guiding economic life to promote development)——这与第七单元战间期的模式构成延续,却是从完全不同的方向抵达的。

人口还有一股反向流动:前殖民地臣民向宗主国(imperial metropoles)的迁移,通常流向大城市,使前殖民地与前宗主国之间的文化与经济联系在独立之后长期维系。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
conflict, population displacement, and resettlement 人口流离与重新安置 rén kǒu liú lí yǔ chóng xīn ān zhì
often took a strong role in guiding economic life to promote development 主导经济以推动发展 zhǔ dǎo jīng jì yǐ tuī dòng fā zhǎn
migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles 宗主国 zōng zhǔ guó
8.7

1900年后对既有权力结构的全球性抵抗
大纲

8.7 Global Resistance to Established Power Structures After 1900

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

CDI
Cultural Developments and Interactions — The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.

Unit 8.I
Explain various reactions to existing power structures in the period after 1900.

  • KC-6.2.V Although conflict dominated much of the 20th century, many individuals and groups— including states—opposed this trend. Some individuals and groups, however, intensified the conflicts.
  • KC-6.2.V.A Groups and individuals challenged the many wars of the century, and some, such as Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and Nelson Mandela, promoted the practice of nonviolence as a way to bring about political change.
  • KC-6.2.V.C Militaries and militarized states often responded to the proliferation of conflicts in ways that further intensified conflict.
  • KC-6.2.V.D Some movements used violence against civilians in an effort to achieve political aims.

Illustrative examples:

  • Responses that intensified conflict:
    • Chile under Augusto Pinochet
    • Spain under Francisco Franco
    • Uganda under Idi Amin
    • The buildup of the military–industrial complex and weapons trading
  • Movements that used violence:
    • Shining Path
    • Al-Qaeda

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

尽管冲突主导了二十世纪的大部分时间,仍有许多个人与团体——包括国家在内——反对这一趋势。CED 点名了三种不同的模式,不应混为一谈:

  • 各种团体与个人质疑本世纪的战争,其中一些人——甘地(Mohandas Gandhi)、马丁·路德·金(Martin Luther King Jr.)与曼德拉(Nelson Mandela)——倡导非暴力(non-violence)作为变革手段。
  • 军队与军事化国家面对冲突的扩散,其回应方式常常进一步加剧了冲突。
  • 一些运动为达成政治目的而对平民使用暴力。

第三点与第二点同为可考内容,而非附带说明。有关"对既有权力结构的反应"的题目要求给出完整的范围,而不只是非暴力的那一种。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
Mohandas Gandhi 甘地 gān dì
Martin Luther King Jr. 马丁·路德·金 mǎ dīng · lù dé · jīn
Nelson Mandela 曼德拉 màn dé lā
promoted non-violence 非暴力 fēi bào lì
costly and ultimately failed invasion of Afghanistan 阿富汗战争 ā fù hàn zhàn zhēng
8.8

冷战的终结
大纲

8.8 End of the Cold War

Thematic FocusLearning ObjectiveHistorical Developments

GOV
Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

Unit 8.J
Explain the causes of the end of the Cold War.

  • KC-6.2.IV.E Advances in U.S. military and technological development, the Soviet Union’s costly and ultimately failed invasion of Afghanistan, and public discontent and economic weakness in communist countries led to the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

CED 在这里同样给出了复合起因:美国军事与技术发展的推进、苏联代价高昂且最终失败的阿富汗战争(invasion of Afghanistan)、公众不满(public discontent),以及苏联体制内部的经济困难(economic problems)。

注意其中三项属于苏联内部。把冷战的结束纯粹解释为外部压力的答案,忽略了 CED 自身的权重安排。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
public discontent 公众不满 gōng zhòng bù mǎn
economic problems 经济困难 jīng jì kùn nán
8.9

冷战与非殖民化时代的因果关系
大纲

8.9 Causation in the Age of the Cold War and Decolonization

Learning ObjectiveReview: Unit 8 Key Concepts

Unit 8.K
Explain the extent to which the effects of the Cold War were similar in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

  • KC-6.2 Peoples and states around the world challenged the existing political and social order in varying ways, leading to unprecedented worldwide conflicts.
    • KC-6.2.II Hopes for greater self-government were largely unfulfilled following the World War I; however, in the years following the World War II, increasing anti-imperialist sentiment contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states.
    • KC-6.2.IV.C The Cold War conflict extended beyond its basic ideological origins to have profound effects on economic, political, social, and cultural aspects of global events.
  • KC-6.3 The role of the state in the domestic economy varied, and new institutions of global association emerged and continued to develop throughout the century.
    • KC-6.3.I States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenges of the 20th century.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

本单元的推理任务是解释冷战的影响在东西两半球相似到何种程度(extent)。"程度"是一个比较用词:它同时要求相似与差异,并要求就何者占主导作出判断。

Worked example(一道真实的 AP 考题)。本单元的 AP 世界历史简答题会要求,例如「解释 1945 年后两个不同地区去殖民化进程之间的一项差异」。满分答案会点出两个案例及其差异:「在黄金海岸,独立主要通过谈判实现:民族主义政党赢得选举,英国未经战争即移交权力。在阿尔及利亚,独立来自对法国的长期武装斗争,使新国家承受了军人主导的政府与遭到摧毁的经济。」*注意得分点所在:差异要以对两个*案例都适用的措辞表述,而每一边都要有自己的证据。

8.9

考试技巧
  • 冷战不是双极的。不结盟运动属于可考内容,写上它能立刻提升答案。
  • 按 CED 的方式给出各项影响:同盟、核扩散、代理人战争。三项点名的影响胜过一项长篇描述。
  • 谈判独立与武装独立的对比是本单元价值最高的比较,因为它解释了新国家继承了什么。
  • 沿袭的帝国边界比任何其他单一因素都更能解释独立后的冲突。要用上这个说法。
  • 谈抵抗要给出 CED 的全部三种模式——非暴力、军事化回应,以及对平民使用暴力。
  • 冷战的结束主要源自苏联体制内部。按这一权重安排各项起因,并说明理由。

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