The End of the Cold War · 冷战的终结
Three causes in one sentence
- Advances in U.S. military and technological development, the Soviet Union's costly and ultimately failed invasion of Afghanistan, and public discontent and economic weakness in communist countries led to the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union.
- Three causes: an external pressure, a failed war, and internal weakness.
- The CED gives them equal grammatical weight, which is unusual — 7.6 marked one cause especially, and this sentence does not.
一句话里的三个成因
- 美国军事与技术发展的进步、苏联代价高昂且最终失败的阿富汗入侵,以及共产主义国家内部的民众不满与经济疲弱,导致了冷战的终结与苏联的解体。
- 三个成因:一项外部压力、一场失败的战争,以及内部的疲弱。
- CED 给了它们同等的语法分量,这很少见——7.6 曾用"尤其是"标出一个成因,而这句话没有。
Select all · 所有 three causes the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的全部三个成因。
The Non-Aligned Movement belongs to 8.2. · 不结盟运动属于 8.2。
Competing with a wealthier rival
- Advances in U.S. military and technological development put a cost on matching them.
- A state with a smaller economy must spend a larger share of it to keep pace, which crowds out everything else.
- So the arms race is an economic mechanism as much as a military one.
与更富裕的对手竞争
- 美国军事与技术发展的进步,给"跟上它们"标出了代价。
- 一个经济体量更小的国家,必须拿出更大的份额来维持同步,而这会挤压掉其他一切。
- 因此军备竞赛既是一种军事机制,也同样是一种经济机制。
Compared with 7.6, this sentence... · 与 7.6 相比,这句话……
So a ranking must be argued for, not quoted. · 因此排序必须靠论证,而不能靠引用。
A costly and failed war
- The CED describes the invasion of Afghanistan as costly and ultimately failed — both adjectives are doing work.
- Cost drains an economy already under strain; failure removes the political return that might have justified it.
- It is the clearest single case in this unit of a proxy conflict damaging the superpower that entered it.
一场代价高昂而失败的战争
- CED 把入侵阿富汗描述为代价高昂且最终失败的——两个形容词都在起作用。
- 代价耗竭了一个本已紧张的经济;失败则拿走了本可为之辩护的政治回报。
- 它是本单元中最清楚的一个案例:一场代理人冲突损害了投入其中的那个超级大国。
Follow the Cold War to its end · 追踪冷战走到终点
The CED names specific pressures rather than a single cause, and they act together. · CED 点名的是若干具体压力,而不是单一原因,而且它们共同起作用。
The CED locates discontent and weakness in communist ____, in the plural. · CED 把不满与疲弱定位在共产主义 ____(复数)之中。
The pressure is across the bloc, not only in one state. · 压力遍及整个阵营,而不只是某一个国家。
The CED gives all three causes equal weight here. Unlike 7.6, no cause is marked especially — so an answer that ranks one first must argue for the ranking rather than quote the CED, and saying so explicitly is itself a strong move.
**CED 在这里给三个成因同等的分量。**与 7.6 不同,没有任何一个成因被标为"尤其是"——因此把某一个排在首位的答案,必须为这一排序作论证,而不能引用 CED,而明确说出这一点本身就是一步好棋。
Select both · 两者 adjectives the CED applies to the invasion of Afghanistan. · 选出 CED 用于阿富汗入侵的两个形容词。
Cost drains; failure removes the return that might have justified it. · 代价耗竭;失败则拿走了本可为之辩护的回报。
Discontent and economic weakness
- Public discontent and economic weakness in communist countries is the third cause, and note the plural: countries.
- So the CED locates the pressure across the bloc, not only in one state.
- Economic weakness and public discontent reinforce each other: shortages produce discontent, and discontent makes reform harder to control.
不满与经济疲弱
- 共产主义国家内部的民众不满与经济疲弱是第三个成因,注意其复数形式:国家。
- 因此 CED 把压力定位在整个阵营范围内,而不只是某一个国家。
- 经济疲弱与民众不满相互强化:短缺产生不满,而不满使改革更难被控制。
Put the interaction in order. · 把这一相互作用排序。
The chain is worth more than three separate paragraphs. · 这条链比三个各自独立的段落更有价值。
Explaining causes of an ending
- The objective is the causes of the end of the Cold War, and the CED's sentence names all three you need.
- A strong answer says how they interacted: external pressure raised the cost, the war spent what was left, and weakness made discontent unanswerable.
- That chain is worth more than three separate paragraphs.
解释一个终结的成因
- 这一目标是冷战终结的成因,而 CED 那句话点出了你所需的全部三项。
- 有力的答案会说出它们如何相互作用:外部压力抬高了成本,那场战争花掉了剩下的,而疲弱使不满变得无法回应。
- 这条链比三个各自独立的段落更有价值。
A state already spending a large share of a smaller economy on defence commits to a war it cannot win, in a decade when its shops are short of goods. Each pressure alone is survivable; together they make every available policy worse than the last — which is the interaction the CED's single sentence compresses.
一个本已把较小经济体的很大份额投入国防的国家,在其商店货品短缺的十年里,投入了一场它打不赢的战争。每一项压力单独都还能挺过去;合在一起,却使每一项可选的政策都比上一项更糟——而这正是 CED 那一句话所压缩起来的相互作用。
Advances in U.S. military and technological development, the Soviet Union's costly and ultimately failed invasion of Afghanistan, and public discontent and economic weakness in communist countries led to the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union. Three causes with equal weight — an external pressure, a failed war, and internal weakness. Explain how they interacted.
美国军事与技术发展的进步、苏联代价高昂且最终失败的阿富汗入侵,以及共产主义国家内部的民众不满与经济疲弱,导致了冷战的终结与苏联的解体。三个分量相当的成因——一项外部压力、一场失败的战争、内部的疲弱。要解释它们如何相互作用。