How the Superpowers Kept Influence · 超级大国如何维持影响力
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| The Cold War produced new military alliances, including NATO | 北约 | běi yuē |
| and the Warsaw Pact/ænd ðə ˈwɔːsɔː pækt/ | 华沙条约组织 | huá shā tiáo yuē zǔ zhī |
| led to nuclear proliferation/led tə ˈnjuːklɪə prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃn/ | 核扩散 | hé kuò sàn |
| led to proxy wars/led tə ˈprɒksi wɔːz/ | 代理人战争 | dài lǐ rén zhàn zhēng |
Alliances on both sides
- The Cold War produced new military alliances, including NATO 北约 and the Warsaw Pact 华沙条约组织.
- Each alliance turned a group of states into a single security commitment, exactly as the alliance system of 7.2 had.
- The difference is that this time both blocs knew what alliances had done in 1914, and built them anyway.
双方的联盟
- 北约(NATO)华沙条约组织(Warsaw Pact)。
- 每个联盟都把一组国家变成一项单一的安全承诺,与 7.2 中的联盟体系如出一辙。
- 不同之处在于,这一次两个阵营都知道联盟在 1914 年做过什么,却仍然把它们建立了起来。
Select all · 所有 the military alliances the CED names. · 选择 所有 CED 提到的军事联盟。
The League belongs to 7.5; non-alignment is the refusal of both blocs. · 国联属于 7.5；不结盟是对两大阵营的拒绝。
Nuclear proliferation
- The Cold War led to nuclear proliferation 核扩散.
- A weapon that cannot be used without destroying its user changes what an alliance is for: deterrence rather than victory.
- So the two superpowers competed almost everywhere except directly with each other.
核扩散
- 冷战核扩散(nuclear proliferation)。
- 一种不摧毁使用者就无法使用的武器,改变了联盟的用途:变成威慑,而不是取胜。
- 因此两个超级大国几乎在任何地方竞争,唯独不直接彼此交手。
Select all · 所有 the proxy conflicts the CED names. · 选择 所有 CED 提到的代理人冲突。
They span Asia, Africa and Latin America — the CED's three named regions. · 它们跨越亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲——CED 指定的三个区域。
Proxy wars
- The Cold War led to proxy wars 代理人战争 between and within postcolonial states in Latin America, Africa and Asia.
- The CED names the Korean War, the Angolan Civil War, and the Sandinista–Contras conflict in Nicaragua.
- Note within as well as between: a civil war could become a superpower contest without either superpower fighting.
代理人战争
- 冷战代理人战争(proxy wars)。
- CED 点名了朝鲜战争、安哥拉内战,以及尼加拉瓜的桑地诺-反政府武装冲突。
- 注意既有"之间"也有"内部":一场内战可以在两个超级大国都不参战的情况下,变成它们之间的较量。
Alliance, proliferation, or proxy war? · 联盟、扩散还是代理人战争？
Sort each Cold War development. · 对每项冷战发展进行分类。
Proxy wars happened only between states, not within them. · 代理人战争仅发生在国家之间，而非内部。
The CED writes between and within postcolonial states. · CED 写道 在……之间和……之内 后殖民国家。
The CED says proxy wars happened between and within postcolonial states. A civil war could become a superpower contest with neither superpower fighting — which is why the Angolan and Nicaraguan examples sit beside the Korean one, and why "proxy war" is not a synonym for "invasion".
**CED 说代理人战争发生在后殖民国家之间以及内部。**一场内战可以在两个超级大国都不参战的情况下变成它们之间的较量——这正是安哥拉与尼加拉瓜的例子与朝鲜的例子并列的原因,也是"代理人战争"并非"入侵"同义词的原因。
Nuclear weapons changed what an alliance is for: ____ rather than victory. · 核武器改变了联盟的目的：____而非胜利。
So the superpowers competed almost everywhere except directly with each other. · 因此，超级大国几乎在所有地方竞争，除了直接对抗彼此。
Comparing the two approaches
- The objective is to compare the ways in which the United States and the Soviet Union sought to maintain influence.
- Shared instruments: military alliances, arms and aid, support for friendly governments, and intervention in proxy conflicts.
- Differences lie in the economic model offered, the political conditions attached, and the relationship each had with its own bloc.
比较两种做法
- 这一目标是比较美国与苏联维持影响力的方式。
- 共有的工具:军事联盟、武器与援助、对友好政府的支持,以及对代理人冲突的介入。
- 差异在于所提供的经济模式、所附带的政治条件,以及各自与本方阵营的关系。
Select all · 所有 the shared instruments of influence this lesson names. · 选择 所有 本课提到的共同影响力工具。
Support for friendly governments completes the four; direct colonisation is unit 6. · 支持友好政权完成了这四项；直接殖民化属于第 6 单元。
Compare on instruments, not on verdicts
- A comparison paragraph runs one instrument at a time across both superpowers.
- Alliances, aid, arms, intervention — four instruments, and both sides used all four.
- The analysis is in how each used them, which is a question the CED's own examples can answer.
比较工具,而不是比较裁决
- 比较段落一次处理一种工具,横跨两个超级大国。
- 联盟、援助、武器、干预——四种工具,而双方都用了这四种。
- 分析在于各自如何使用它们,而这个问题可以用 CED 自己的例子来回答。
Two factions inside one newly independent state each acquire a foreign patron, foreign weapons and foreign advisers. Neither superpower declares war on the other; the conflict is nonetheless a Cold War conflict, and its casualties are local. That asymmetry is the defining feature of a proxy war.
一个刚刚独立的国家内部有两派,各自获得了一个外国庇护者、外国武器与外国顾问。两个超级大国都没有向对方宣战;这场冲突却依然是冷战冲突,而它的伤亡是本地的。这种不对称,正是代理人战争的定义性特征。
The Cold War produced new military alliances, including NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and led to nuclear proliferation and proxy wars between and within postcolonial states in Latin America, Africa and Asia — the Korean War, the Angolan Civil War, the Sandinista–Contras conflict. Compare the superpowers one instrument at a time: alliances, aid, arms, intervention.
冷战催生了新的军事联盟,包括北约与华沙条约组织,并导致了核扩散,以及拉美、非洲与亚洲后殖民国家之间以及内部的代理人战争——朝鲜战争、安哥拉内战、桑地诺-反政府武装冲突。要一次处理一种工具地比较两个超级大国:联盟、援助、武器、干预。